Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Beyond Pathogens: Mobile Genetic Elements

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Abstract
Purpose of Review: Antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) are often transmitted among microbes via mobile genetic elements (MGEs), but few antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance programs incorporate MGEs. This review presents our current understanding of the role of MGEs in AMR dynamics with examples and recommendations for their inclusion in AMR surveillance. Recent Findings: MGEs have been incorporated successfully in retrospective AMR outbreak investigation, but are not yet considered in prospective surveillance programs. Summary: We recommend the development of standardized approaches for inclusion of MGEs in AMR surveillance systems.

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