Nonadjacent Wireless Electrotherapy for Tissue Repair by a 3D-Printed Bioresorbable Fully Soft Triboelectric Nanogenerator

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Abstract
Electrotherapy is a promising tissue repair technique. However, electrotherapy devices are frequently complex and must be placed adjacent to injured tissue, thereby limiting their clinical application. Here, we propose a general strategy to facilitate tissue repair by modulating endogenous electric fields with nonadjacent (approximately 44 mm) wireless electrotherapy through a 3D-printed entirely soft and bioresorbable triboelectric nanogenerator based stimulator, without any electrical accessories, which has biomimetic mechanical properties similar to those of soft tissue. In addition, the feasibility of using the stimulator to construct an electrical double layer with tissue for nonadjacent wireless electrotherapy was demonstrated by skin and muscle injury models. The treated groups showed significantly improved tissue repair compared with the control group. In conclusion, we developed a promising electrotherapy strategy and may inspire next-generation electrotherapy for tissue repair.
Funding Information
  • Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai Municipality (20ZR1402500)
  • Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China (2021YFC2101800, 2021YFC2400802)
  • Ningbo Municipal Bureau of Science and Technology (2019B10068)
  • Shanghai Municipal Education Commission (2019-01-07-00-03-E00023)
  • Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (20520741000, 20DZ2254900, 20DZ2270800)
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (51973027, 52173117)
  • Shanghai Stomatological Hospital Science and Technology Talents Project (SSH-2022-KJCX-B01)

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