Exact solutions for viscous Marangoni spreading

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Abstract
When surface-active molecules are released at a liquid interface, their spreading dynamics is controlled by Marangoni flows. Though such Marangoni spreading was investigated in different limits, exact solutions remain very few. Here we consider the spreading of an insoluble surfactant along the interface of a deep fluid layer. For two-dimensional Stokes flows, it was recently shown that the nonlinear transport problem can be exactly mapped to a complex Burgers equation [D. Crowdy, SIAM J. Appl. Math. 81, 2526 (2021)]. We first present a very simple derivation of this equation. We then provide fully explicit solutions and find that varying the initial surfactant distribution—pulse, hole, or periodic—results in distinct spreading behaviors. By obtaining the fundamental solution, we also discuss the influence of surface diffusion. We identify situations where spreading can be described as an effective diffusion process but observe that this approximation is not generally valid. Finally, the case of a three-dimensional flow with axial symmetry is briefly considered. Our findings should provide reference solutions for Marangoni spreading that may be tested experimentally with fluorescent or photoswitchable surfactants.

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