Abstract
Reading direction is a central determinant of spatial–numerical associations, yet evidence from right-to-left (RL) readers remains inconsistent, ranging from weakened to reversed spatial-numerical associations (SNAs). Shaki et al. (2009) provided the only systematic cross-cultural comparison controlling for reading direction of both words and digits. They reported canonical SNAs in Canadian left-to-right (LR) readers, no SNAs in Hebrew readers with mixed habits (RL words, LR digits), and a reversed SNAs in Palestinian adults with consistent RL reading. Subsequent studies produced mixed results for populations with similar reading profiles, potentially reflecting uncontrolled bilingualism, differing directional habits, and culturally shaped spatial routines, such as object counting and finger counting. Given the theoretical importance of a reverse SNAs and the absence of a successful replication of this finding in standard parity tasks, the present study replicates Shaki et al. (2009), using the refined go/no-go methodology while additionally documenting participants’ object- and finger-counting preferences. We will test German LR readers, Israeli mixed-direction readers, and Palestinian RL readers with adequately powered samples (n = 39 per subgroup). This replication will clarify whether and how culturally transmitted directional habits contribute to spatial–numerical mappings.