Role of the Microenvironment in Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Strategies for Treating Human Liver Diseases

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Abstract
Liver disease is a severe health problem that endangers human health worldwide. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy is a novel treatment for patients with different liver diseases due to its vast expansion potential and distinctive immunomodulatory properties. Despite several preclinical trials having confirmed the considerable efficacy of MSC therapy in liver diseases, the questionable safety and efficacy still limit its application. As a precursor cell, MSCs can adjust their characteristics in response to the surrounding microenvironment. The microenvironment provides physical and chemical factors essential for stem cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation. However, the mechanisms are still not completely understood. We, therefore, summarized the mechanisms underlying the MSC immune response, especially the interaction between MSCs and the liver microenvironment, discussing how to achieve better therapeutic effects.
Funding Information
  • Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin Municipality (18JCYBJC43600, 2019C03040, 21SZDSYS09, 21SZDSYS01, 19EZZDA2, 20ywb29, 2021PY083)
  • Key Technology Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province (18JCYBJC43600, 2019C03040, 21SZDSYS09, 21SZDSYS01, 19EZZDA2, 20ywb29, 2021PY083)
  • Open Project Program of Key Laboratory of Minimally Invasive Techniques & Rapid Rehabilitation of Digestive System Tumor of Zhejiang Province (18JCYBJC43600, 2019C03040, 21SZDSYS09, 21SZDSYS01, 19EZZDA2, 20ywb29, 2021PY083)
  • Major Research Program of Taizhou Enze Medical Center Grant (18JCYBJC43600, 2019C03040, 21SZDSYS09, 21SZDSYS01, 19EZZDA2, 20ywb29, 2021PY083)
  • Program of Taizhou Science and Technology Grant (18JCYBJC43600, 2019C03040, 21SZDSYS09, 21SZDSYS01, 19EZZDA2, 20ywb29, 2021PY083)
  • Medical Science and Technology Project of Zhejiang Province (18JCYBJC43600, 2019C03040, 21SZDSYS09, 21SZDSYS01, 19EZZDA2, 20ywb29, 2021PY083)

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