Alternate layer-by-layer assembly of graphene oxide nanosheets and fibrinogen nanofibers on a silicon substrate for a biomimetic three-dimensional hydroxyapatite scaffold

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Abstract
Layer-by-layer (LBL) assembly is a simple and effective method for the fabrication of a three-dimensional (3D) scaffold for nanotechnological and biomedical applications. Herein, a novel 3D scaffold based on an alternate LBL assembly of graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets and fibrinogen nanofibers (Fg NFs) on a silicon substrate was fabricated and utilized to create a 3D hydroxyapatite (HA) scaffold by biomimetic mineralization in 1.5× simulated body fluid for different nucleation periods. The obtained 3D (GO–NF)n–HA scaffold was characterized using atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results demonstrate that the Fg NFs could promote the nucleation and growth of HA crystals along the axis. The 3D (GO–NF)10–HA scaffold composed of 10 layers of GO alternating with 10 layers of NFs was successfully created by LBL assembly and subsequent biomimetic mineralization. The effects of the created 3D (GO–NF)10–HA scaffolds on the adhesion, morphology, and proliferation of L-929 cells were investigated. The in vitro cell culture indicates that the 3D (GO–NF)10–HA scaffold has a higher proliferation ability and better cytocompatibility than the other control samples.

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