Essential Oil of Cestrum diurnum L.: GC/MS Analysis, in Vitro and in Silico Anti‐HCoV‐229E Effects and Inhibitory Activity against LPS‐Induced Inflammation

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Abstract
Cestrum diurnum L. (Solanaceae) is a fragrant ornamental tree cultivated in different parts around the world. In this study, the essential oil (EO) of the aerial parts was extracted by hydrodistillation (HD), steam distillation (SD) and microwave‐assisted hydro‐distillation (MAHD). GC/MS analysis of the three EOs revealed that phytol represents the major component in SD‐EO and MAHD‐EO (40.84 and 40.04 %, respectively); while in HD‐EO it only represented 15.36 %. The SD‐EO showed a strong antiviral activity against HCoV‐229E with IC50 of 10.93 μg/mL, whereas, MAHD‐EO and HD‐EO showed a moderate activity with IC50 values of 119.9 and 148.2 μg/mL, respectively. The molecular docking of EO major components: phytol, octadecyl acetate and tricosane showed a strong binding to coronavirus 3‐CL (pro). Moreover, the three EOs (50 μg/mL) decreased the levels of NO, IL‐6 and TNF‐α and suppressed IL‐6 and TNF‐α gene expression in LPS‐induced inflammation model in RAW264.7 macrophage cell lines.

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