Quantitative Real-Time Imaging of Protein–Protein Interactions by LSPR Detection with Micropatterned Gold Nanoparticles

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Abstract
Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) offers powerful means for sensitive label-free detection of protein–protein interactions in a highly multiplexed format. We have here established self-assembly and surface modification of plasmonic nanostructures on solid support suitable for quantitative protein–protein interaction analysis by spectroscopic and microscopic LSPR detection. These architectures were obtained by layer-by-layer assembly via electrostatic attraction. Gold nanoparticles (AuNP) were adsorbed on a biocompatible amine-terminated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) polymer brush and further functionalized by poly-l-lysine graft PEG (PLL-PEG) copolymers. Stable yet reversible protein immobilization was achieved via tris(nitrilotriacetic acid) groups incorporated into the PLL-PEG coating. Thus, site-specific immobilization of His-tagged proteins via complexed Ni(II) ions was achieved. Functional protein immobilization on the surface was confirmed by real-time detection of LSPR scattering by reflectance spectroscopy. Association and dissociation rate constants obtained for a reversible protein–protein interaction were in good agreement with the data obtained by other surface-sensitive detection techniques. For spatially resolved detection, AuNP were assembled into micropatterns by means of photolithographic uncaging of surface amines. LSPR imaging of reversible protein–protein interactions was possible in a conventional wide field microscope, yielding detection limits of ∼30 protein molecules within a diffraction-limited surface area.

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