Water in Electrocatalysis

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Abstract
Renewable electricity‐powered electrocatalysis technologies occupy a central position in clean energy conversion and the pursuit of a net‐zero carbon emission future. Water can serve multiple roles in electrocatalytic reactions, for instance, as a reaction medium, reactant, modifier, promoter, etc. This significantly influences the mass transport, active site, intermediate adsorption and reaction kinetics, ultimately determining the electrocatalytic performance (e.g., activity, selectivity, and stability) as well as device efficiency. As the heart location where electrocatalytic reactions occur, the typical electrical‐double layer is established at a water‐electrode interface. Therefore, the comprehension and regulation of water are crucial topics in electrocatalysis, which encourages us to organize this review. We begin with the fundamental understanding on structure of water and its behavior under electrochemical conditions. Subsequently, we delve into the “water effect” by elucidating specific functions of water in electrocatalysis. Recent advances in manipulating water to enhance electrocatalytic efficiency of representative reactions such as hydrogen evolution/oxidation, oxygen evolution/reduction, CO2 reduction, N2 reduction and organic electrosynthesis, are also highlighted. We finally discuss the remaining challenges and future opportunities in this field.
Funding Information
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (52362031, 52461040, 52274297, 22322902, 22102052, U22 A20396)
  • National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021YFA1502000)
  • Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province (2024 A1515012350)

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