ALMA Subparsec Resolution Dense Molecular Line Observations of the NGC 1068 Nucleus

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Abstract
We present the results of our ALMA observations of the dense molecular HCN J = 4–3 and HCO + J = 4–3 lines at ≲1 pc (≲14 mas) resolution in the nuclear region of the nearby (∼14 Mpc) well-studied AGN NGC 1068. Both emission lines are clearly detected around the AGN along an almost east–west direction, which we ascribe to the dusty molecular torus. The HCN J = 4–3 emission is brighter than the HCO + J = 4–3 emission in the compact (≲3–5 pc) torus region. Apparent counterrotation between the inner (≲2 pc) and outer (≳2 pc) parts of the western torus, previously seen in ∼1.5 pc-resolution HCN J = 3–2 and HCO + J = 3–2 data, is also confirmed in our new ≲1 pc-resolution HCN J = 4–3 and HCO + J = 4–3 data. We apply a physically counterrotating torus model, in which a compact dense gas clump collided with the western side of the existing rotating torus from the opposite direction, and we find that this model largely reproduces the observed properties of the combined new ≲1 pc-resolution HCN J = 4–3 and HCO + J = 4–3 data, and the previously obtained ≲1.5 pc-resolution HCN J = 3–2 and HCO + J = 3–2 data.
Funding Information
  • MEXT ∣ Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JP21K03632)
  • MEXT ∣ Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JP25K07359)

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