Toward Entity Alignment in the Open World: An Unsupervised Approach with Confidence Modeling

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Abstract
Entity alignment (EA) aims to discover the equivalent entities in different knowledge graphs (KGs). It is a pivotal step for integrating KGs to increase knowledge coverage and quality. Recent years have witnessed a rapid increase of EA frameworks. However, state-of-the-art solutions tend to rely on labeled data for model training. Additionally, they work under the closed-domain setting and cannot deal with entities that are unmatchable. To address these deficiencies, we offer an unsupervised framework that performs entity alignment in the open world. Specifically, we first mine useful features from the side information of KGs. Then, we devise an unmatchable entity prediction module to filter out unmatchable entities and produce preliminary alignment results. These preliminary results are regarded as the pseudo-labeled data and forwarded to the progressive learning framework to generate structural representations, which are integrated with the side information to provide a more comprehensive view for alignment. Finally, the progressive learning framework gradually improves the quality of structural embeddings and enhances the alignment performance. Furthermore, noticing that the pseudo-labeled data are of various qualities, we introduce the concept of confidence to measure the probability of an entity pair of being true and develop a confidence-based unsupervised EA framework . Our solutions do not require labeled data and can effectively filter out unmatchable entities. Comprehensive experimental evaluations validate the superiority of our proposals .

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