Ergonomics/Human Factors in the Era of Smart and Sustainable Industry: Industry 4.0/5.0

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Abstract
The three primary branches of ergonomics/human factors (E/HF), concentrate on the physical, cognitive, and organizational dimensions, have developed over time. Generally, E/HF is the scientific discipline concerned with the design and arrangement of work environments, systems, and products to fit the physical, cognitive, and emotional needs of the people who use them. The goal of E/HF is to optimize human well-being and overall system performance by improving comfort, safety, efficiency, and productivity while reducing the risk of injury and strain. E/HF is increasingly relevant in the context of Industry 4.0 characterized by automation, cyber-physical systems, and interconnected technologies. The integration of advanced technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, and augmented reality (AR) within manufacturing environments presents both opportunities and challenges for worker well-being. Development of industrial technologies requires also a rethinking of traditional E/HF principles to address new human-machine interactions, cognitive demands, and the physical layout of workplaces. E/HF benefits and the threats of Industry 4.0/5.0 technologies must be considered in an integrated manner. The importance of designing systems that promote user-friendly interfaces, reduce mental and physical strain, and support sustainable work environments now becomes critical. In this context, this review paper explores the connection between E/HF and Industry 4.0/5.0, emphasizing the need for a holistic approach to designing work systems that enhance both human performance and technological innovation.

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