Evaluation of the acute toxicity of the choline chloride : urea deep eutectic solvent and its impact on the intestinal microbiota

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Abstract
Acute oral exposure to ChCl : urea DES induces gut microbiota dysbiosis, disrupts the bile acid-FXR-liver axis, and triggers subclinical hepatic inflammation, revealing critical toxicological endpoints overlooked by classical safety markers.
Funding Information
  • Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-24-CE18-4929 / project ODES)
  • Université Paris-Saclay (OI HEALTHI / project MicroDES)

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