Chirp-Aware Self-Attention for Robust LoRa Preamble Detection Under Ultralow SNR

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Abstract
In low-power wide-area networks (LPWANs), such as long range (LoRa), the preamble is essential for detecting highly attenuated signals. Its repetitive pattern allows a receiver to identify the presence of the signal and its precise starting point. However, in ultralow signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) environments, the preamble becomes undetectable as it is buried in strong noise, causing the entire detection process to fail. Although existing methods, such as those based on the preamble symbol energy accumulation or deep learning-based spectrogram restoration, have been proposed, their performance remains limited under these extreme conditions. To address this limitation, this article proposes a novel two-stage preamble detection scheme. The first stage employs a convolutional–Transformer encoder–deconvolutional network that leverages self-attention to capture the distinct linear patterns of chirp signals even in the presence of severe noise. In the second stage, a classifier determines the presence of the preamble. Experimental results demonstrate that our proposed method significantly outperforms conventional approaches, lowering the minimum required SNR for preamble detection. To validate its performance, we utilized metrics including true positive rate (TPR) and $F$ -scores. Under these evaluations, our scheme achieves a detection accuracy of over 90% in the ultralow SNR range from −21.7 to −24.3 dB, confirming its robustness and practical viability.
Funding Information
  • Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion (IITP-2026-RS-2023-00260098)
  • IITP under the Artificial Intelligence Convergence Innovation Human Resources Development through Korean Government

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