Comparison of Machine Learning Methods for Predicting Soil Total Nitrogen Content Using Landsat-8, Sentinel-1, and Sentinel-2 Images

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Abstract
Soil total nitrogen (STN) is a crucial component of the ecosystem’s nitrogen pool, and accurate prediction of STN content is essential for understanding global nitrogen cycling processes. This study utilized the measured STN content of 126 sample points and 40 extracted remote sensing variables to predict the STN content and map its spatial distribution in the northeastern coastal region of Hebei Province, China, employing the random forest (RF), gradient boosting machine (GBM), and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) methods. The purpose was to compare the ability of remote sensing images (Landsat-8, Sentinel-1, and Sentinel-2) with different machine learning methods for predicting STN content. The research results show the following: (1) The three machine learning methods accurately predicted the STN content and the optimal model provided by the XGBoost method, with an R2 of 0.627, RMSE of 0.127 g·kg−1, and MAE of 0.092 g·kg−1. (2) The combination of optical and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images improved prediction accuracy, with the R2 improving by 45.5%. (3) The importance of optical images is higher than that of SAR images in the RF, GBM, and XGBoost methods, with optical images accounting for 87%, 76%, and 77% importance, respectively. (4) The spatial distribution of STN content predicted by the three methods is similar. Higher STN contents are distributed in the northern part of the study area, while lower STN contents are distributed in coastal areas. The results of this study can be very useful for inventories of soil nitrogen and provide data support and method references for revealing nitrogen cycling.
Funding Information
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (41901375, 42101393, 52274166, D2022209005, D2019209322, D2019209317, C20200103, BJ2020058, 22150221J, BS201824, BS201825, 2020TS003b)
  • Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province, China (41901375, 42101393, 52274166, D2022209005, D2019209322, D2019209317, C20200103, BJ2020058, 22150221J, BS201824, BS201825, 2020TS003b)
  • Funding Project for the Introduction of Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars of Hebei, China (41901375, 42101393, 52274166, D2022209005, D2019209322, D2019209317, C20200103, BJ2020058, 22150221J, BS201824, BS201825, 2020TS003b)
  • Science and Technology Project of Hebei Education Department (41901375, 42101393, 52274166, D2022209005, D2019209322, D2019209317, C20200103, BJ2020058, 22150221J, BS201824, BS201825, 2020TS003b)
  • Key Research and Development Program of Science and Technology Plan of Tangshan, China (41901375, 42101393, 52274166, D2022209005, D2019209322, D2019209317, C20200103, BJ2020058, 22150221J, BS201824, BS201825, 2020TS003b)
  • North China University of Science and Technology Foundation (41901375, 42101393, 52274166, D2022209005, D2019209322, D2019209317, C20200103, BJ2020058, 22150221J, BS201824, BS201825, 2020TS003b)
  • Fostering Project for Science and Technology Research and Development Platform of Tangshan, China (41901375, 42101393, 52274166, D2022209005, D2019209322, D2019209317, C20200103, BJ2020058, 22150221J, BS201824, BS201825, 2020TS003b)

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