Experimental and Theoretical Study on the Biomolecular Interaction of Novel Acenaphtho Quinoxaline and Dipyridophenazine Analogues

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Abstract
In this report, two different types of quinoxaline derivatives have been developed with an idea that these molecules are composed of planar structure with extensive π‐delocalization. Accordingly, compounds such as 9‐bromoacenaphtho [1,2‐ b ]quinoxaline ( 3 ), 4‐(acenaphtho [1,2‐ b ] quinoxalin‐9‐yl) benzaldehyde ( 5 ), 11‐bromodipyrido [3,2‐ a :2′,3′‐ c ] phenazine ( 3′ ) and 4‐(dipyrido [3,2‐ a :2′,3′‐ c ] phenazin‐11‐yl) benzaldehyde ( 5′ ) were prepared by a sonication method. In order to prove these compounds as potential anticancer agents, binding studies with calf thymus deoxyribonucleic acid (CT‐DNA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) have been established by absorption and fluorescence studies. The DNA interaction with prepared compounds shows that quinoxaline ( 3 and 5 ) and phenazine derivatives ( 3′ and 5′ ) are bind to DNA through intercalation and electrostatic modes. The binding strength of 3′ and 5′ with DNA found to be stronger than other two derivatives ( 3 and 5 ). The magnitude of 5 and 5′ exhibits 10‐fold more binding efficacy with protein BSA than compound 3′ but compound 3 did not show any binding efficacy with BSA. The MTT (3‐(4,5‐Dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide) analysis reveals that 5′ exhibits highly selective cytotoxicity profile in HeLa cell line and moderate cytoselectivity in human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (Caco‐2) cell line with respect to the normal cell line. However, compound 3 showed best potency and selectivity in Caco‐2 cells.

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