Tissue Engineering 3D‐Printed Scaffold Using Allograft/Alginate/Gelatin Hydrogels Coated With Platelet‐Rich Fibrin or Adipose Stromal Vascular Fraction Induces Osteogenesis In Vitro

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Abstract
Incorporating autologous patient‐derived products has become imperative to enhance the continually improving outcomes in bone tissue engineering. With this objective in mind, this study aimed to evaluate the osteogenic potential of 3D‐printed allograft‐alginate‐gelatin scaffolds coated with stromal vascular fraction (SVF) and platelet‐rich fibrin (PRF). The primary goal was to develop a tissue‐engineered construct capable of facilitating efficient bone regeneration through the utilization of biomaterials with advantageous properties and patient‐derived products. To achieve this goal, 3D‐printed gelatin, allograft, and alginate scaffolds were utilized, along with stem cells derived from the buccal fat pad and human‐derived components (PRF, SVF). Cells were seeded onto scaffolds, both with and without SVF/PRF, and subjected to comprehensive assessments including adhesion, proliferation, differentiation (gene expression and protein secretion levels), penetration, and gene expression analysis over 14 days. The data was reported as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Two‐way or one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed, followed by a Tukey post hoc test for multiple comparisons. Statistical significance was determined as a p value below 0.05. The scaffolds demonstrated structural integrity, and the addition of PRF coatings significantly enhanced cellular adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation compared to other groups. Gene expression analysis showed increased expression of osteogenic and angiogenic markers in the PRF‐coated scaffolds. These findings highlight the promising role of PRF‐coated scaffolds in promoting osteogenesis and facilitating bone tissue regeneration. This study emphasizes the development of patient‐specific tissue‐engineered constructs as a valuable approach for effective bone regeneration.

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