Lack of negative density-dependence regulation in a dominant oak tree from a neotropical highland forest

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Abstract
Conspecific negative density-dependence(CNDD) is one of the main mechanisms proposed to regulate species coexistence. Tropical highland forests, in contrast to diverse lowland forests, are commonly dominated by a few tree species. Testing the importance of density-dependence effects on seedling establishment of dominant trees may provide insights on the mechanisms regulating population dynamics and forest composition of tropical highlands. We tested the importance of CNDD regulation on seedling survival and recruitment of Quercus costaricensi s, a monodominant oak in the Talamanca highland forests of Costa Rica. We used spatial statistics and generalized linear mixed models to test the effects of conspecific density, distance to the nearest adult, density of Chusquea bamboo shoots, and herbivory on the annual survival probability of 3538 seedlings between 2014 and 2017. We did not find any effect of CNDD on seedling survival. However, bamboo density and herbivory both significantly decreased seedling survival. All seedlings had signs of herbivory and predator satiation may explain the lack of density dependent regulation in this species. We argue that the lack of intraspecific density regulation at the seedling stage may explain the dominance of Q. costaricensis in the highland forests of Costa Rica. Local density of this endemic oak is instead regulated by herbivory and the density of Chusquea .
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