Enhanced brain connectivity following six weeks of upper extremity offset loading training in neurotypical adults

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Abstract
Purpose Resistance training induces corticospinal and cortical network plasticity; however, the neural consequences of offset loading (OL) remain unclear. We examined how six weeks of upper-extremity OL affects brain connectivity in healthy adults. Methods Fourteen participants completed 18 supervised sessions of OL or conventional symmetrical training (active control, AC), with EEG recordings taken during motor tasks to track brain communication. Results OL strengthened the connection from the left prefrontal to left sensorimotor cortex (Friedman χ ² = 8.00, p = 0.018; Pre vs. Post Wilcoxon p = 0.016), indicating enhanced cognitive control of movement. There was also increased functional connectivity from the right parietal to right sensorimotor cortex, reflecting improved sensory-motor integration. These changes were not seen in the AC group, nor were any significant interhemispheric changes observed. Conclusion This suggests that OL selectively targets specific cortical networks rather than inducing widespread connectivity changes across the brain. By challenging coordination and motor planning simultaneously, OL appears to promote meaningful, task-specific brain plasticity. These findings highlight a promising approach to enhancing brain function, with potential applications in neurorehabilitation, skill training, and injury prevention.

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