Bilateral internal jugular vein (BIJV) sampling during surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) – scoping review of evidence and search for an optimal definition for lateralisation

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Abstract
Purpose: Accurate localisation of hyperfunctioning parathyroid glands is crucial for successful parathyroid surgery. In patients with inconclusive imaging, intraoperative bilateral internal jugular venous sampling (BIJVS) has been reported; but its utility remains unclear. The purpose of the review is to evaluate published techniques and reported effectiveness of BIJVS in parathyroid surgery. Methods: PubMed, Ovid and Cochrane databases were searched for articles on intraoperative BIJVS in parathyroid surgery. All original English language human studies reporting on lateralisation rates, diagnostic accuracy or cure rates following use of intraoperative BIJVS were included. Exclusion criteria included case reports, reviews, IJV sampling in non-parathyroid pathology and IJV sampling for confirming cure. Data on patient numbers, definitions used for lateralisation and correlation with clinical outcomes were extracted by one reviewer and cross-checked by a second reviewer. The review was prospectively registered on the Open Science Framework (OSF; DOI: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/TSQA6 ). Results: Of 753 screened, 12 studies including 502 patients where BIJVS was performed were included. Lateralisation definitions were reported in 7 studies. Among studies with relevant data, lateralisation gradient was defined as ranging from 5 to 20% and lateralisation rates varied from 51 to 100%. The positive and negative predictive values ranged from 76 to 100% (6 studies) and 0–53% respectively (3 studies). Reported cure rates following BIJVS guided surgery were high (> 98%), but the definition for cure was only reported in 8 studies. Conclusions: BIJVS can aid localisation in parathyroid surgery. A significant lateralisation gradient may permit unilateral surgery, but a lack of gradient does not imply bilateral disease. However, the absence of a standard definition for lateralisation and inconsistent reporting limits widespread adoption of this technique.

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