Anti-cancer activity of Ajwa dates extract (Phoenix Dactylifera L.) through analysis of MCL-1 levels, EGFR, and p53 expressions on apoptosis in human prostate cancer cell lines PC3: an in vitro study

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Abstract
Introduction & Objectives: Prostate cancer is recognized as a global burden disease related to malignancy in men. Several fruit and plant-based supplementation have been studied to evaluate their utility for the management of prostate cancer. Ajwa dates (Phoenix Dactylifera L.) have been known to contain various beneficial compounds, which makes them a potential anti-cancer therapy. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of Ajwa dates on prostate cancer cell lines PC3 through analysis of MCL-1 levels, EGFR, and p53 expressions on apoptosis. Materials & Methods: This study was an experimental in vitro study with post-test-only control design. Groups were divided into four: control group, abiraterone group, Ajwa dates group, and combination group (abiraterone and Ajwa dates). Viability test was conducted using the CCK-8 method to determine the inhibitory concentration (IC50) of Ajwa dates after a 72-hour incubation period of PC3 cells. The MCL-1 levels were rated using ELISA, while EGFR and p53 expressions were analyzed using immunofluorescence microscopic staining. Apoptosis was measured using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). SPSS version 25 and R-studio were used for statistical analysis. Results: This study found the IC50 for Ajwa dates was 913.3 μg/ml. Our data indicated that Ajwa dates decrease the MCL-1 levels, EGFR and p53 expression and also induced apoptosis compared to control. Furthermore, these effects became more evident when combined with abiraterone. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the potential of Ajwa dates as a complementary therapy for prostate cancer, but further research is still needed before clinical testing is carried out.

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