Abstract
A 32.768kHz crystal (XTAL) with its oscillation circuit is widely adopted for the generation of the real-time keeping and system-standby clock. Both functions are universally demanded by various systems such as cellular phones, smart wearable devices, GPS, etc. High frequency stability against environmental variations is necessary to meet system requirements. To increase the system stand-by time under limited battery capacity, an ultra-low power crystal oscillator (XO) is strongly demanded.

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