Study on preparation of nanoemulsion based on grapeseed oil and azelaic acid by response surface methodology

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Abstract
Azelaic acid (AzA) is widely used to treat acne, eczema, melasma, and uneven skin tone. However, the AzA has low solubility and poor skin penetration, so it often requires high doses to achieve the desired therapeutic effect. In this study, the AzA was prepared in the nanoemulsion form using grapeseed oil as an oil phase, distilled water as a water phase, and Tween 20 as a surfactant. A pseudo-ternary phase diagram was built to find the suitable range of components in the nanoemulsion. The composition of the nanoemulsion was optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) with a Box-Behnken design (BBD). The optimal conditions were found to be an oil weight percentage of 10.71 %, a water weight percentage of 56.62 %, and a Tween 20 surfactant percentage of 21.28 %. Under the optimal conditions, the mean droplet size (MDS) of the nanoemulsion reached 152.2 ± 2.7 nm, close to the predicted value of 148.908 nm. Additionally, the functional groups and ultra-violet absorption of the nanoemulsion were assessed by infrared and ultra-violet spectroscopy. The stability of the nanoemulsion versus time was also evaluated. Moreover, the inhibition activity against Bacillus cereus- a gram-positive bacterium - of the nanoemulsion was tested and discussed.

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