Ultrasound velocity and broadband attenuation as predictors of load-bearing capacities of human calcanei

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Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to determine whether calcaneal ultrasound parameters, measured in the mediolateral direction, reflect load-bearing capacities of human calcanei. Broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) and ultrasound velocity (UV) were measured in 20 cadaveric calcanei with a mean age of 74.1 (SD 8.8). Normalized BUA (nBUA) was determined by dividing BUA by the calcaneal thickness obtained using a pulse-echo technique. The bone mineral density (BMD) of each calcaneus was measured by quantitative computed tomography. The calcanei were embedded in PMMA to simulate the midstance physiologic orientation during compressive testing in the load-bearing direction. The failure load, stiffness, and energy absorption were determined for each calcaneus. It was shown that BMD was well correlated with all ultrasound parameters (P < 0.0001). BMD, BUA, nBUA, and UV were all significantly associated with calcaneal failure load, stiffness, and energy absorption capacity (P < 0.05). nBUA was found to be the strongest predictor of all compressive properties. BUA and BMD demonstrated similar predictability of stiffness and energy absorption capacity, however, BUA showed a more significant relationship to the failure load of the calcaneus than did BMD. UV was found to be inferior to BMD, as well as BUA or nBUA, in assessing failure load, stiffness, and energy absorption capacity. It was also shown that nBUA was superior to BUA in the assessment of load-bearing capacity, but not in the prediction of BMD. Multivariate regression analysis showed that the combination of BUA or nBUA with UV did not improve the predictability of failure load, stiffness, and energy absorption capacity over that of BUA or nBUA alone (P > 0.5).

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