Optimization of Aqueous Extraction from Kalanchoe pinnata Leaves to Obtain the Highest Content of an Anti‐inflammatory Flavonoid using a Response Surface Model

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Abstract
Introduction: The medicinal plant Kalanchoe pinnata is a phenolic‐rich species used worldwide. The reports on its pharmacological uses have increased by 70% in the last 10 years. The leaves of this plant are the main source of an unusual quercetin‐diglycosyl flavonoid (QAR, quercetin arabinopyranosyl rhamnopyranoside), which can be easily extracted using water. QAR possess a strong in vivo anti‐inflammatory activity.Objective: To optimize the aqueous extraction of QAR from K. pinnata leaves using a three‐level full factorial design.Material and methods: After a previous screening design, time (x1) and temperature (x2) were chosen as the two independent variables for optimization. Freeze‐dried leaves were extracted with water (20% w/v), at 30°C, 40°C or 50°C for 5, 18 or 30 min. QAR content (determined by HPLC‐DAD) and yield of extracts were analyzed. The optimized extracts were also evaluated for cytotoxicity.Results: The optimal heating times for extract yield and QAR content were similar in two‐dimensional (2D) surface responses (between 12.8 and 30 min), but their optimal extraction temperatures were ranged between 40°C and 50°C for QAR content and 30°C and 38°C for extract yield. A compromise region for both parameters was at the mean points that were 40°C for the extraction temperature and 18 min for the total time.Conclusion: The optimized process is faster and spends less energy than the previous one (water; 30 min at 55°C); therefore is greener and more attractive for industrial purposes. This is the first report of extraction optimization of this bioactive flavonoid. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Funding Information
  • Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (Nr166183/2014-8)
  • Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (APQ1 FAPERJ - E-26/111.390/2013)

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