Trivalent titanium in high-titanium lunar ilmenite

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Abstract
Lunar mare basalts are often rich in titanium, hosted predominantly within the mineral ilmenite (Fe2+Ti4+O3). Here, we examine ilmenite in a ~ 3.8 billion-year-old mare basalt (Apollo rock 75035) using high-resolution electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy. A key finding is that 75035 ilmenite is itself enriched in Ti, beyond the end member of the conventional solid solution series. Using energy loss near-edge spectroscopy, we determine that the excess Ti is trivalent, with Ti3+ accounting for 13% of the total Ti content. This discovery confirms the presence of trivalent Ti in lunar ilmenite, long hypothesized based on the Moon’s reducing environment. Accounting for the change in implied stoichiometry, a review of literature data suggests that Ti3+ may be present in ilmenite across a wide range of lunar samples. We extrapolate known relationships from the literature to connect Ti3+ to redox conditions, estimating the oxygen fugacity during crystallization of 75035 to be below the iron-wüstite buffer, ΔIW≤ − 1.6. Further quantifying the relationship between Ti valence state and oxygen fugacity would allow Ti3+-bearing ilmenite to serve as an oxybarometer able to access the reducing conditions found on many planetary bodies.
Funding Information
  • National Aeronautics and Space Administration (80NSSC23M022)
  • National Aeronautics and Space Administration (80HQTR20T0014)
  • National Aeronautics and Space Administration (80NSSC23M022)
  • National Aeronautics and Space Administration (80NSSC23M022)
  • National Aeronautics and Space Administration (80NSSC23M022)
  • National Aeronautics and Space Administration (80NSSC23M022)
  • National Aeronautics and Space Administration (80NSSC23M022)
  • National Aeronautics and Space Administration (80NSSC23M022)
  • National Aeronautics and Space Administration (80NSSC23M022)
  • National Science Foundation (ECCS-2025462)
  • U.S. Department of Energy (DEAC02-05CH11231)
  • U.S. Department of Energy (DEAC02-05CH11231)

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