Simultaneous determination of furosemide and carbamazepine in biological matrices by solvent bar microextraction combined with high‐performance liquid chromatography–diode array detector and central composite design

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Abstract
A sensitive and simple sample pretreatment method based on a two‐phase solvent bar microextraction (SBME) technique coupled with HPLC–diode array detector (DAD) was developed for simultaneous extraction and determination of trace amounts of furosemide and carbamazepine in human urine and plasma samples. The significance of operational factors on carbamazepine and furosemide extraction efficiency % (EE%) was screened using full factorial design (FFD) while central composite design (CCD) was used to model the entire process. A quadratic model was found convenient to correlate the extraction EE% of selected drugs with dominant experimental factors. A Pareto chart was also used to examine the importance of factors on drugs’ EE%. The analytical performance of the method in urine and plasma samples demonstrated good linearity (R2 ˃ 0.992) with detection limits ranging from 4.2 to 10.9 μg L−1, and extraction recovery over 89.45% for both drugs in urine and plasma samples. A comparison against published methods was also performed and the results revealed that the developed method exhibits a confident sensitivity, feasible operation, and simple analysis for both drugs. Finally, the practicability of the validated SBME–HPLC–DAD method was demonstrated by successfully applying it to the analysis of furosemide and carbamazepine in real patient urine samples.

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