Exploitation of MnCo 2 O 4 @g-C 3 N 4 -Derived Electrochemical Sensing Platform for Individual Determination of Pb 2+ Ions and Chloramphenicol (CAP) with Excellent Analytical Performance

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Abstract
In this study, MnCo 2 O 4 is successfully synthesized via a one-pot microwave-assisted hydrothermal method and uniformly integrated into the g framework. The resulting MnCo 2 O 4 @g composites are designed for the sensitive and selective detection of the antibiotic CAP and toxic Pb 2+ heavy metal ions in aqueous media, respectively. Structural and surface characteristics of the materials are analyzed using spectroscopic techniques, confirming their superior physicochemical properties, particularly those of the MnCo 2 O 4 @g composites. The MnCo 2 O 4 @g/SPE demonstrates enhanced electrochemical characteristics, including lower charge-transfer resistance ( R ct = 1688 Ω and Δ E p = 190 mV), a larger electrochemically active surface area (0.1708 cm 2 ), and increased density of surface-active sites. Electrochemical sensing studies reveal efficient cathodic reduction of CAP and anodic oxidation of Pb 2+ at MnCo 2 O 4 @g-based sensor. The as-developed sensor exhibits favorable electron-transfer kinetics toward the redox processes of both analytes, corresponding to the following regression equations: I pc (μA) = 0.006 ν (mV s −1 ) + 1.529 ( R 2 = 0.997) for CAP and I pa (μA) = 3.16 ν 1/2 (mV s −1 ) 1/2 –2.045 ( R 2 = 0.998) for Pb 2+ . It achieves wide linear detection ranges (0.25–50 μM for CAP, 0.5–1000 ppb for Pb 2+ ), low LOD of 0.2 μM for CAP and 1.07 ppb for Pb 2+ ), and high sensitivities (1.3 μA•μM −1 •cm −2 for CAP, 0.24 μA•ppb −1 •cm −2 for Pb 2+ ).
Funding Information
  • National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (103.02-2025.16)

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