In vivo skin optical clearing for improving imaging and light-induced therapy: a review

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Abstract
The skin, composed of the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissues, is the body’s largest organ.1 The outermost stratum corneum comprises multiple layers of inactive keratinocytes held together by a lipid-rich matrix. These cells overlap to effectively prevent intravasation of foreign substances and extravasation of body fluids. The remainder of the epidermis consists of the hyaline, granular, spinous, and basal layers. The dermis contains abundant collagen and elastic fibers that provide toughness and elasticity. It is also rich in blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves that regulate body temperature, sense external stimuli, and provide immune defense. The skin thus plays a crucial role in maintaining the body’s normal physiological state. When lesions occur within the body, the skin may be affected, resulting in cutaneous structural and functional abnormalities that manifest as various diseases.2,3

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