Ultrabroadband and Reversible Tuning of Infrared Plasmons in van der Waals Metal Films

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Abstract
Reconfigurable infrared plasmons are central to emerging nanophotonic technologies, yet their practical impact remains constrained by limited tuning bandwidth, poor reversibility, and material-specific spectral windows. Here we demonstrate ultrabroadband and fully reversible tuning of infrared plasmons in metallic van der Waals NbSe2 films enabled by gate-controlled lithium-ion intercalation. Ion intercalation provides a unique pathway to simultaneously modulate free-carrier density and screening from high-energy interband transitions, jointly reshaping both plasmon frequency and oscillator strength. As a result, plasmon resonances can be continuously swept over an unprecedented spectral span exceeding 5500 cm–1 within a single material platform, covering the telecom, mid-infrared and thermal far-infrared region. Leveraging this broad and reversible tunability, we realize electrically tunable wavelength-selective thermal emitters and thermal display patterns through plasmon-mediated emissivity modulation. Our results establish ion-intercalated van der Waals metals as a versatile and programmable platform for ultrabroadband tunable infrared nanophotonics and reversible thermal-radiation control.
Funding Information
  • Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai Municipality (23JC1401100)
  • Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai Municipality (23XD1400200)
  • National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021YFA1400100)
  • National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFA1403400)
  • National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFA1403700)
  • National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFA1404700)
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (12234003)
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (12274030)
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (12321004)
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (12374036)
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (12474305)
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (12574335)
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (12574407)
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (W2511003)

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