Sorption of textile dyes onto bismuth-modified wood waste sorbent: Kinetic and equilibrium analysis

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Abstract
Textile dye contamination in aquatic environments represents a major ecological issue due to its persistence, harmful effects on aquatic organisms, and possible risks to human health. In this work, wood waste modified with bismuth was evaluated as a low-cost sorbent for the removal of textile dyes Reactive orange 16 from water. Sorption behaviour was examined through kinetic and equilibrium analyses in order to better understand the interaction between the dye molecules and the sorbent surface. The obtained results were best described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm model (r² ≥ 0.99), indicating predominantly monolayer sorption on homogeneous active sites. The prepared material exhibited a maximum sorption capacity of 415.22 mg/g, highlighting its potential application as an effective and sustainable sorbent for wastewater treatment.

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