In the past years, water effluent pollution has emerged since different pollutants such as heavy metals, oils, fluoride, dyes, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and other persistent pollutants are widely present in wastewater. Their dispersion determines environmental pollution of water, air, and soil, which can be a critical problem for human health. Many technologies have already been implemented, but adsorption is the most feasible one. Different materials as potential adsorbents have already been tested. Still, the high cost of synthetic adsorbents and the issues related to their recyclability are prompting the development of biomass-derived adsorbents, which attract a noticeable interest. The high generation of this waste requires measures to manage its accumulation. Their use as raw or modified materials in water treatment applications could allow them to be converted into versatile and efficient materials. This chapter uses common biomass-derived materials applied as adsorbents in water effluent treatment. The conclusion also considers the drawbacks, limits, and perspectives of using biomass-derived materials as adsorbents.