Chemical Approaches to Addressing the Instability and Toxicity of Lead–Halide Perovskite Absorbers

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Abstract
The impressive rise in efficiencies of solar cells employing the three-dimensional (3D) lead–iodide perovskite absorbers APbI3 (A = monovalent cation) has generated intense excitement. Although these perovskites have remarkable properties as solar-cell absorbers, their potential commercialization now requires a greater focus on the materials’ inherent shortcomings and environmental impact. This creates a challenge and an opportunity for synthetic chemists to address these issues through the design of new materials. Synthetic chemistry offers powerful tools for manipulating the magnificent flexibility of the perovskite lattice to expand the number of functional analogues to APbI3. To highlight improvements that should be targeted in new materials, here we discuss the intrinsic instability and toxicity of 3D lead–halide perovskites. We consider possible sources of these instabilities and propose methods to overcome them through synthetic design. We also discuss new materials developed for realizing the exceptional photophysical properties of lead–halide perovskites in more environmentally benign materials. In this Forum Article, we provide a brief overview of the field with a focus on our group’s contributions to identifying and addressing problems inherent to 3D lead–halide perovskites.
Funding Information
  • General Electric
  • Toyota Motor Corporation
  • Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
  • Stanford University
  • ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company
  • Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
  • U.S. Department of War
  • Division of Materials Research (DMR-135153)
  • Precourt Institute for Energy, Stanford University
  • Schlumberger Limited

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