BAO miscalibration cannot rescue late-time solutions to the Hubble tension

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Abstract
Baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) measurements play a key role in ruling out postrecombination solutions to the Hubble tension. However, because the data compression leading to these measurements assumes a fiducial Λ CDM cosmology, their reliability in testing late-time modifications to Λ CDM has at times been called into question. We play devil’s advocate and posit that fiducial cosmology assumptions do indeed affect BAO measurements in such a way that low-redshift acoustic angular scales (proportional to the Hubble constant H 0 ) are biased low and test whether such a rescaling can rescue postrecombination solutions. The answer is no. First, strong constraints on the shape of the z ≲ 2 expansion history from unanchored Type Ia Supernovae (SNeIa) prevent large deviations from Λ CDM . In addition, unless Ω m is significantly lower than 0.3, the rescaled BAO measurements would be in strong tension with geometrical information from the cosmic microwave background. We demonstrate this explicitly on several dark energy (DE) models ( w CDM , CPL DE, phenomenologically emergent DE, holographic DE, Λ s CDM , and the negative cosmological constant model), finding that none can address the Hubble tension once unanchored SNeIa are included. We argue that the Λ s CDM sign-switching cosmological constant model possesses interesting features which make it the least unpromising one among those tested. Our results demonstrate that possible fiducial cosmology-induced BAO biases cannot be invoked as loopholes to the Hubble tension “no-go theorem”, and highlight the extremely important but so far underappreciated role of unanchored SNeIa in ruling out postrecombination solutions.
Funding Information
  • Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
  • Università degli Studi di Trento
  • Provincia Autonoma di Trento
  • Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu (124N627)
  • Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
  • Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
  • European Cooperation in Science and Technology
  • Commissione Scientifica Nazionale 4
  • DARKTRACK (E63C22000500003)

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