O ‐Glycosylation‐mediated signaling circuit drives metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer

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Abstract
Disseminated castration‐resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is a common disease in men that is characterized by limited survival and resistance to androgen‐deprivation therapy. The increase in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) signaling contributes to androgen receptor activity in a subset of patients with CRPC; however, enigmatically, HER2‐targeted therapies have demonstrated a lack of efficacy in patients with CRPC. Aberrant glycosylation is a hallmark of cancer and involves key processes that support cancer progression. Using transcriptomic analysis of prostate cancer data sets, histopathologic examination of clinical specimens, and in vivo experiments of xenograft models, we reveal in this study a coordinated increase in glycan‐binding protein, galectin‐4, specific glycosyltransferases of core 1 synthase, glycoprotein‐ N ‐acetylgalactosamine 3‐β‐galactosyltransferase 1 (C1GALT1) and ST3 β‐galactoside α ‐2,3‐sialyltransferase 1 (ST3GAL1), and resulting mucin‐type O ‐glycans during the progression of CRPC. Furthermore, galectin‐4 engaged with C1GALT1‐dependent O ‐glycans to promote castration resistance and metastasis by activating receptor tyrosine kinase signaling and cancer cell sternness properties mediated by SRY‐box 9 (SOX9). This galectin‐glycan interaction up‐regulated the MYC‐dependent expression of C1GALT1 and ST3GAL1, which altered cellular mucin‐type O‐glycosylation to allow for galectin‐4 binding. In clinical prostate cancer, high‐level expression of C1GALT1 and galectin‐4 together predict poor overall survival compared with low‐level expression of C1GALT1 and galectin‐4. In summary, MYC regulates abnormal O ‐glycosylation, thus priming cells for binding to galectin‐4 and downstream signaling, which promotes castration resistance and metastasis.—Tzeng, S.‐F., Tsai, C.‐H., Chao, T.‐K., Chou, Y.‐C., Yang, Y.‐C., Tsai, M.‐H., Cha, T.‐L., Hsiao, P.‐W. O‐Glycosylation‐mediated signaling circuit drives metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer. FASEB J. 32, 6869–6882 (2018). www.fasebj.org

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