Unlocking probiotic potential: Non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS)-driven biosurfactant synthesis for industrial innovation

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Abstract
Non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS) are multi-modular enzymes that produce secondary metabolites. The diverse and functionally important biosurfactants derived from various microbes have numerous applications across multiple industries. Probiotic-derived biosurfactants, especially those from bacteria classified as Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS), are emerging as eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic surfactants. Although probiotics have been studied for their potential to produce biosurfactants, the molecular mechanisms behind this process remain unclear. This work aims to link the NRPS structures of probiotics to their potential for biosurfactant production using computational methods, along with a recent review of their types, applications, and biotechnological strategies to enhance their production. For this purpose, commercial probiotic species have been selected for in silico screening of NRPS and its domains. The in silico structural modeling and validation of these domains were performed, and their similarity was compared with that of the commercial biosurfactant surfactin, derived from B. subtilis. We explored the potential for biosurfactant production in probiotics, paving the way for future genetic engineering and synthetic biology approaches to modify NRPS. This comprehensive review and research effort broaden our understanding of the NRPS system in probiotics and their potential for industrial biosurfactant development.

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