Chromosome Genome Assembly of Cromileptes altivelis Reveals Loss of Genome Fragment in Cromileptes Compared with Epinephelus Species

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Abstract
The humpback grouper (Cromileptes altivelis), an Epinephelidae species, is patchily distributed in the reef habitats of Western Pacific water. This grouper possesses a remarkably different body shape and notably low growth rate compared with closely related grouper species. For promoting further research of the grouper, in the present study, a high-quality chromosome-level genome of humpback grouper was assembled using PacBio sequencing and high-throughput chromatin conformation capture (Hi-C) technology. The assembled genome was 1.013 Gb in size with 283 contigs, of which, a total of 143 contigs with 1.011 Gb in size were correctly anchored into 24 chromosomes. Moreover, a total of 26,037 protein-coding genes were predicted, of them, 25,243 (96.95%) genes could be functionally annotated. The high-quality chromosome-level genome assembly will provide pivotal genomic information for future research of the speciation, evolution and molecular-assisted breeding in humpback groupers. In addition, phylogenetic analysis based on shared single-copy orthologues of the grouper species showed that the humpback grouper is included in the Epinephelus genus and clustered with the giant grouper in one clade with a divergence time of 9.86 Myr. In addition, based on the results of collinearity analysis, a gap in chromosome 6 of the humpback grouper was detected; the missed genes were mainly associated with immunity, substance metabolism and the MAPK signal pathway. The loss of the parts of genes involved in these biological processes might affect the disease resistance, stress tolerance and growth traits in humpback groupers. The present research will provide new insight into the evolution and origin of the humpback grouper.

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