Neurodevelopmental comorbidities in juvenile systemic autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases

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Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders affect a substantial proportion of children and represent a major public health challenge worldwide. Emerging evidence highlights complex interactions among genetic, environmental and immune factors — particularly during the critical window of neurodevelopmental vulnerability. These insights raise the possibility that children with juvenile systemic autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases are at an increased risk of developing neurodevelopmental disorders. Early onset and delayed treatment of these autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases seem to increase this vulnerability. Growing awareness of these associations is transforming paediatric rheumatology, highlighting the need for early screening, multidisciplinary management, and personalized interventions that target both inflammatory disease and neurodevelopment. International research collaborations, biomarker discovery and long-term follow-up are crucial for closing knowledge gaps and subsequently advancing care and outcomes. Recognizing and tackling neurodevelopmental disorders as frequent comorbidities of juvenile systemic autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases is vital for improving educational attainment, psychosocial wellbeing and lifelong quality of life in children with chronic inflammatory conditions.

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