Role of bovine viral diarrhea virus biotype in the establishment of fetal infections

Authors:
  • XCXuemei Cao
    Xuemei Cao
  • HSHomayoun Shams
    Homayoun Shams
  • AJAnthony F. Johnson
    Anthony F. Johnson
  • VVVentzislav B. Vassilev
    Ventzislav B. Vassilev
  • LGLaura H. Gil
    Laura H. Gil
  • DWDavid W. Wheeler
    David W. Wheeler
  • DHDeborah Haines
    Deborah Haines
  • GSGary J. Sibert
    Gary J. Sibert
  • LNLynn D. Nelson
    Lynn D. Nelson
  • MCManuel Campos
    Manuel Campos
  • RDRuben O. Donis
    Ruben O. Donis
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Abstract
Objective—To examine the role of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) biotype on the establishment of fetal infection in cattle. Animals—30 mixed-breed pregnant cows. Procedure—Pregnant cows were inoculated oronasally with either i-VVNADL, originating from an infectious BVDV cDNA clone of the National Animal Disease Laboratory (NADL) isolate, or the parental virus stock, termed NADL-A. Results—All cows developed neutralizing antibodies to BVDV, and virus was commonly isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells or nasal swab specimens of NADL-A inoculated cows; however, virus was rarely isolated from specimens of i-VVNADL inoculated cows. i-VVNADL did not cause fetal infection, whereas all fetuses harvested from NADL-A inoculated cows at 6 weeks after inoculation had evidence of infection. Immunoblot analysis of fetal virus isolates revealed the absence of NS3, confirming a noncytopathic (NCP) biotype BVDV in the NADL-A stock. The sequence of the NCP contaminant (termed NADL-1102) and the i-VVNADL genome were virtually identical, with the exception of a 270 nucleotide-long insert in the i-VVNADL genome. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that NADL-1102 forms a monophyletic group with 6 other NADL genomes. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—These data suggest that the contaminating NCP virus in the NADL-A stock was the ancestral NADL virus, which originally infected a bovine fetus and recombined to produce a cytopathic (CP) variant. Following oronasal infection of pregnant cows, viremia and transplacental transmission of CP BVDV to the fetus is rare, compared with the high occurrence of maternal viremia and fetal infection observed with NCP BVDV. (Am J Vet Res 2002;63:1455–1463)

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