Design of Highly Stable Echogenic Microbubbles through Controlled Assembly of Their Hydrophobin Shell

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Abstract
Dispersing hydrophobin HFBII under air saturated with perfluorohexane gas limits HFBII aggregation to nanometer‐sizes. Critical basic findings include an unusual co‐adsorption effect caused by the fluorocarbon gas, a strong acceleration of HFBII adsorption at the air/water interface, the incorporation of perfluorohexane into the interfacial film, the suppression of the fluid‐to‐solid 2D phase transition exhibited by HFBII monolayers under air, and a drastic change in film elasticity of both Gibbs and Langmuir films. As a result, perfluorohexane allows the formation of homogenous populations of spherical, narrowly dispersed, exceptionally stable, and echogenic microbubbles.
Funding Information
  • French National Research Agency (ANR-14-CE35-0028-01)
  • Research Council of Finland (276537.284508.260565)
  • French Institute of Finland

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