Sea surface height and dynamic topography of the ice‐covered oceans from CryoSat‐2: 2011–2014

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Abstract
We examine 4 years (2011–2014) of sea surface heights (SSH) from CryoSat‐2 (CS‐2) over the ice‐covered Arctic and Southern Oceans. Results are from a procedure that identifies and determines the heights of sea surface returns. Along 25 km segments of satellite ground tracks, variability in the retrieved SSHs is between ∼2 and 3 cm (standard deviation) in the Arctic and is slightly higher (∼3 cm) in the summer and the Southern Ocean. Average sea surface tilts (along these 25 km segments) are 0.01 ± 3.8 cm/10 km in the Arctic, and slightly lower (0.01 ± 2.0 cm/10 km) in the Southern Ocean. Intra‐seasonal variability of CS‐2 dynamic ocean topography (DOT) in the ice‐covered Arctic is nearly twice as high as that of the Southern Ocean. In the Arctic, we find a correlation of 0.92 between 3 years of DOT and dynamic heights (DH) from hydrographic stations. Further, correlation of 4 years of area‐averaged CS‐2 DOT near the North Pole with time‐variable ocean‐bottom pressure from a pressure gauge and from GRACE, yields coefficients of 0.83 and 0.77, with corresponding differences of <3 cm (RMS). These comparisons contrast the length scale of baroclinic and barotropic features and reveal the smaller amplitude barotropic signals in the Arctic Ocean. Broadly, the mean DOT from CS‐2 for both poles compares well with those from the ICESat campaigns and the DOT2008A and DTU13MDT fields. Short length scale topographic variations, due to oceanographic signals and geoid residuals, are especially prominent in the Arctic Basin but less so in the Southern Ocean.
Funding Information
  • National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NNX13AP72G, NNX12AK74G, ARC‐0856330)

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