Host Response to Infection: the Role of CpG DNA in Induction of Cyclooxygenase 2 and Nitric Oxide Synthase 2 in Murine Macrophages
Open Access
- 1 December 2001
- journal article
- Published by American Society for Microbiology in Infection and Immunity
- Vol. 69 (12) , 7703-7710
Abstract
Depending on sequence, bacterial and synthetic DNAs can activate the host immune system and influence the host response to infection. The purpose of this study was to determine the abilities of various phosphorothioate oligonucleotides with cytosine-guanosine-containing motifs (CpG DNA) to activate macrophages to produce nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2(PGE2) and to induce expression of NO synthase 2 (NOS2) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2). As little as 0.3 μg of CpG DNA/ml increased NO and PGE2production in a dose- and time-dependent fashion in cells of the mouse macrophage cell line J774. NO and PGE2production was noted by 4 to 8 h after initiation of cultures with the CpG DNA, with the kinetics of NO production induced by CpG DNA being comparable to that induced by a combination of lipopolysaccharide and gamma interferon. CpG DNA-treated J774 cells showed enhanced expression of NOS2 and COX2 proteins as determined by immunoblotting, with the relative potencies of the CpG DNAs generally corresponding to those noted for the induction of NO and PGE2production as well as to those noted for the induction of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor. Extracts from CpG DNA-treated cells convertedl-arginine tol-citrulline, but the NOS inhibitorNG-monomethyl-l-arginine (NMMA) inhibited this reaction. The COX2-specific inhibitor NS398 inhibited CpG DNA-induced PGE2production and inhibited NO production to various degrees. The NOS inhibitors NMMA, 1400W, andN-iminoethyl-l-lysine effectively blocked NO production and increased the production of PGE2in a dose-dependent fashion. Thus, analogues of microbial DNA (i.e., CpG DNA) activate mouse macrophage lineage cells for the expression of NOS2 and COX2, with the production of NO and that of PGE2occurring in an interdependent manner.Keywords
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