Investigation of the simulated microgravity impact on heavy metal biosorption by Saccharomyces cerevisiae

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Abstract
Heavy metals are one of the most dangerous environmental pollutions, and their elimination is one of the health system's priorities. Microorganisms have been introduced as a safe absorber of such pollution and this ability is related to the characteristics of their surface layers. There are reports about some bacteria's increment of cell envelope thickness in space conditions. Therefore, this study investigated SMG effect on heavy metals biosorption using Saccharomyces (S.) cerevisiae. Furthermore, the stability of complex, isotherm, and kinetic absorption models has been investigated. The results showed that the SMG positively affected the biosorption of mercury (Hg) 97% and lead (Pb) 72.5% by S. cerevisiae. In contrast, it did not affect cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) biosorption. In gastrointestinal conditions, Hg, Cd, and As‐yeast complexes were stable, and their biosorption increased. In the case of the Pb‐yeast complex, in simulated gastric exposure, the binding decreased at first but increased again in simulated intestinal exposure in both SMG and normal gravity (NG). The metals' biosorption by yeast followed the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic and the Langmuir isotherm models for all metals (As) matched with Langmuir and Freundlich. The current research results demonstrate that microgravity provides desirable conditions for heavy metal biosorption by S. cerevisiae. Furthermore, the biosorbent–heavy metal complex remains stable after simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Altogether, the results of this study could be considered in detoxifying food and beverage industries and maintaining astronauts' health.

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