Chemical composition, cytotoxic effects, antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of Artemisia arborescens (Vaill.) L. growing wild in the province of Agrigento, Sicily, Italy

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Abstract
Artemisia arborescens (Vaill.) L. is a perennial shrubby plant growing along the coastal strips of the Mediterranean region. It is used in traditional medicine. Its essential oil and solvent extracts exhibit a very interesting chemotherapeutic potential, which makes this plant useful in maintaining human health. The goal of this study was to determine the phytochemical composition of the petroleum ether and methanol extracts, as well as to evaluate anticancer activities and antimicrobial and biofilm formation reduction. Thirty-nine phytochemical compounds in negative ion mode, and 25 in positive ion mode were identified by HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS. All four extracts reduced the viability of human MDA-MB231 and HCT116 cancer cells suggesting a similar cytotoxic efficacy of the different extracts in MDA-MB231 and more pronounced antiproliferative effects on HCT116 cells treated with HPEE and CPEE. Antimicrobial activity was exhibited by the hot petroleum ether extract against all tested bacteria (MIC 0.15-2.5 mg/mL), except for S. agalactiae. Both methanol extracts showed activity against C. albicans with a MIC value of 2.5 mg/mL, and a lack of antibacterial activity. To whom concern the anti-biofilm activity, hot methanol extract shows the highest activity in inhibiting biofilm formation among all extract. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

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