Yuna He

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of the dietary pattern with the presence of newly diagnosed glucose tolerance abnormalities among Chinese adults. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 20,210 adults aged 45–69 years from the 2002 China National Nutrition and Health Survey were included. Information on dietary intake was collected using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Factor analysis and cluster analysis were used to identify the food factors and dietary pattern clusters. RESULTS: Four dietary pattern clusters were identified (“Green Water,” “Yellow Earth,” “Western Adopter,” and “New Affluence”). The prevalence of glucose tolerance abnormalities ranged from 3.9% in the Green Water to 8.0% in the New Affluence. After adjustment for area, age, sex, current smoking, and physical activity, subjects in the Yellow Earth cluster (prevalence ratio 1.22 [95% CI 1.04–1.43]) and New Affluence cluster (2.05 [1.76–2.37]) had significantly higher prevalence rates compared with those for the Green Water cluster. After further adjustment for BMI and waist-to-height ratio, the elevated risk in the New Affluence remained statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary patterns and food factors are associated with the presence of glucose tolerance abnormalities in China, even independent of obesity. A New Affluence diet is an important modifiable risk factor, which needs attention from the prevention point of view.

Objective To assess the association of indicators of general and abdominal obesity with the prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and intermediate hyperglycaemia (IHG) in the Chinese population. Methods We used data of 50 905 adults aged 18–79 years in the 2002 China National Nutrition and Health Survey. Recommended Chinese cut-off values were used for BMI (24 kg/m2) and waist circumference (WC; 85 cm in men, 80 cm in women). Optimal cut-offs for waist:height ratio (WHtR) were determined from analyses of receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Results The prevalence of T2DM and IHG was 2·6 % and 1·9 % respectively. ROC curve analyses indicated 0·5 as the optimal cut-off value for WHtR in both sexes. High BMI, WC and WHtR were all associated with the prevalence of glucose tolerance abnormalities, with the highest prevalence ratio (PR) for high WHtR (men: PR = 2·85, 95 % CI 2·54, 3·21; women: PR = 3·10, 95 % CI 2·74, 3·51). When combining BMI and WHtR, in men either a high BMI or a high WHtR alone was associated with increased risk. Among women, a high BMI without a concomitant high WHtR was not associated with increased glucose tolerance abnormalities risk, whereas a high WHtR was associated with risk irrespective of BMI. Conclusions Among the Chinese adult population measures of central obesity are better predictors of glucose tolerance abnormalities prevalence than BMI. A WHtR cut-off point of 0·5 for both men and women can be considered as optimum for predicting (pre-) diabetes and may be a useful tool for screening and health education.

To explore influence factors of dietary supplement used in population aged above 45 years in Beijing. Utilizing the data of the survey of dietary supplement (DS) used in Beijing in 2006 was to investigate the influence factors by using multi-factorial logistic regression analysis. All 2487 samples were included in the analysis. Sex, age, average income of each month for each member of the family, experiences of deficiency of nutrition, attitude to nutrition knowledge, attitude to the need of DS and city-or-rural resident had shown effects on DS using. The percentage of using DS in female was higher than that in male being 19.3% and 11.8% respectively. The percentage grew up as the age became older. The same trend appeared as the economic-status going up, but not as education level change. Use of DS was greater in urban population (16.9%) than in rural population (14.6%). The percentage of using DS in people who had or just been diagnosed as malnutrition/deficiency disease or chronic disease, or those who thought themselves having got these diseases only by their own feeling were higher than those did not. People the female, the elder, or those having higher income, having experiences of deficiency of nutrition, are more interested in nutrition knowledge, and more positive in need of DS and those living in rural should be the target population of nutrition education for DS use.

To analyze the influence of family income on food consumption. The paper used the food information based on 24-hour dietary recall method for 3 consecutive days and weighting method and family income information and analyzed the data with SAS software. Protein intake, fat intake, percentage of energy provided by fat, percentage of energy and protein coming from animal foods and some micro-nutrients intake had increasing trends with the increase of family income for Chinese urban and rural residents. Family income was an important factor to affect dietary nutrients intake and dietary structure of Chinese residents.

To describe the status and characteristic of dietary intake in 12 minority nationalities. 6688 subjects were randomly sampled from 12 minority nationalities (Mongolian, Hui, Tibetan, Uygur, Miao, Yi, Zhuang, Buyi, Man, Yao, Tujia and Kazak). The 24-hour dietary recall method for 3 consecutive days was used to collect food intake information, except for the condiment intake, which was collected by weighting method. The pattern of staple food of minority nationalities were influenced by environment, economic, religion and culture food. The consumptions were significantly difference among the 12 minority nationalities, Yi, Yao and Tujia nationality people consumed more bean and bean products, but the consumption of Tibetan, Uygur and Kazak were very low. The meat consumption of Tibetan, Zhuang and Yao were high, but the paultry and fishery products consumption were very low. Uygur and Kazak nationality had high dairy intake level, average daily consumption were over 200g. The minority nationality residents who lived in high areas or the north China consumed less vegetable comparing with other areas. The daily salt consumption of Uygur and Kazak nationality were quite high (over 20g). The difference extents of the problem on dietary pattern exist among the 12 minority nationalities. Nutrition education activities should be implemented to guide the people developing and utilizing the local food resource scientifically, to advocate the principle of a balanced diet.

To describe the calcium intake of different age and gender residents in different area in China. 68962 study' participants were came from 23,470 households who were randomly selected from 132 counties in 31 provinces, autonomous regions and the municipalities in China. The 24-hour dietary recall method for 3 consecutive days was used to collect food intake information, except for the condiment intake, which was collected by weighting method. The average intakes of calcium were low in Chinese population. The average intake of calcium of male people were more higher than those of female people, while the intake level of urban residents were more higher than those of rural residents. The calcium intake of the most persons could reach 20%-60% of adequate intake (Al). Less than 5% person's calcium intake could reach AI. Only 1.1% to 1.7% adolescents aged 11 years to 13 years whose calcium intake level could reach AI. The main sources of calcium were vegetable, bean and bean product, wheat and rice, which provided 35.2%, 13.9%, 11.2% and 9.1% calcium respectively, only 4.3% calcium came from dairy products. The deficiency of calcium is a common problem in Chinese residents. In particular, the adolescents are the most serious group.

To describe the intake status of dietary vitamin A and the trends of the intakes from 1982 to 2002 in Chinese residents. This paper was based on the data collected in "the Nutrition and Health Status of the Chinese People in 2002". The subjects in the dietary survey were 68 965 residents from 23 470 households. The average retinol equivalent intake in per day was 469.2 microg for per reference man. The residents with the retinol equivalent intake equal or higher than RNI accounted for 14.5% and those with the intake lower than 20% of the RNI accounted for 23.2%. The retinol equivalent intake in type III rural areas was the lowest among all the areas with only 9.7% residents having intakes equal or higher than RNI. The intakes of the retinol equivalent increased with the mounting of income level. The average retinol equivalent intake was not seen improved during the past twenty years. The dietary intake of vitamin A could be lower in Chinese residents.

Twenty-five years ago, China introduced sweeping reforms in the structure of its rural economy, family planning program, and financial accountability within enterprises and service sector organizations. A rapid rise in economic productivity has resulted in continuing increases in income and changes to the traditional Chinese diet. The aim of this study is to examine how the social and economic transformation of China affects dietary patterns and nutritional status of people. The data from a prospective study, China Health and Nutrition Survey, begun in 1989 and followed up in 1991, 1993, 1997, 2000 and 2004. The population used in this study included 5000 subjects aged 18-45 from 4280 households in nine provinces. Dietary intakes were measured using a combination of the weighing method and three consecutive 24-h recalls. All other data were directly measured or obtained by in-depth interviews. The average consumption of all animal source foods except milk and eggs increased by 34g per capita per day, while the average intake of cereals decreased by 130g per capita per day. The proportion of animal source protein increased greatly and fat contributed an increasing proportion of energy. However, vitamin A and calcium intake did not increase from their low levels of intake during this period. Child height and weight increased and were linked with a decline in under-nutrition. For example, the prevalence of overweight increased from 11.4% to 22.8% in women and from 6.4% to 25.1% in men in the same period, climbing much faster than before. The rapid shift in diet and obesity linked with social and economic changes in China continues unabated. In association with the economic reform, the dietary pattern changed rapidly in these years.

To investigate the trends of the distribution of body mass index(BMI) among Chinese adults in some provinces from 1989 to 2000. This paper was based on data collected in the China Health and Nutrition Survey in 1989,1991,1993,1997 and 2000, and the subjects were 20- 45 years old healthy men and women. In the period of 1989 - 2000, the mean of BMI among Chinese adults was increasing from 1989 to 2000. The mean of BMI among male increased from 21.3kg/m(2) to 22.4kg/m(2). At the same time, the mean of BMI among female increased from 21.8 kg/m(2) to 22.5kg/m(2) . With the changing of the distribution of BMI among Chinese adults the prevalence of overweight and obesity increased from 1989 to 2000. The people who were elder than thirty years old had a faster increasing in BMI than younger age group. Moreover the people who lived in city suburb and town had a faster increasing than who lived in village. It is a big problem to control the changing of the distribution of BMI among Chinese adults.

To understand the prevalence of hypertension and blood pressure level in different ethnic groups in Chinese population. Data are presented for 67700 men and 84983 women aged more than 15 years old from National Nutrition and Health Survey, 2002. After being adjusted by age using Chinese population in 1964, the highest prevalence of hypertension in the male were. Tibetan (25.6%) and Manchu (23.1%). The Miao (9.2%) and Tujia (11.1%) ethnics have the lowest prevalence of hypertension. Also prevalence rate of hypertension in female in Tibetan (24.0%) and Manchu (18.7%) were the highest, and the lowest were Miao (6.1%) and Zhuang (8.3%) ethnics. The prevalence rate of hypertension in most ethnics were increased compared with that of 1991, except that of the male in Mongolian and female in Miao ethnics. The prevalence of hypertension and blood pressure level were different among ethnics. The prevalence rate of hypertension in almost all ethnics were increased during past ten years.