Ahmed Ibrahim El-Sakka

1. Male factor infertility contributes to approximately 50% of infertile couples. Oxidative stress {OS} has been established as an important etiology and common mechanism in many known and unknown ...

Introduction: Male infertility is a complex condition affected by multiple anatomical, physiological, and biochemical factors. Among the most commonly risk factors are leukocytospermia and varicocele, which are associated with increased oxidative stress and affected sperm function. Objective: The aim of this study is to address the association between leukocytospermia and varicocele in patients with infertility. Methods: We had revised the studies from 2000–2025 that addressed the role of each leukocytospermia, varicocele and both of them on infertility. Results: Recent studies have suggested a potential link between leukocytospermia and varicocele, particularly in infertile patients, with each condition potentially exacerbating the detrimental effects of the other. Conclusion: This review had explored the independent and combined impacts of leukocytospermia and varicocele on semen parameters and hormonal profiles, shedding light on their roles in male infertility and underlining the importance of integrated diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.

Objectives: To describe the array of regenerative interventions seeking to reverse the causes and provide curative treatment for male and female sexual dysfunctions that have been studied and are available for purchase within the medical marketplace, including their treatment targets, mechanisms of action, and outcomes data, with particular attention to the context in which they are applied. Methods: A committee of experts conducted a comprehensive, review of the relevant literature, focusing on publications since the topic of novel treatment targets was last addressed by the International Consultation on Sexual Medicine. Results: Since the ICSM 2010, cell- and energy-based regenerative medical interventions have grown in popularity, with their therapeutic promise and availability in the medical marketplace outpacing the conduct of research to support their use as treatments for sexual dysfunction. While clinical trials and the test of time suggest they are generally safe and well-tolerated, the published studies that consider the efficacy of stem cell, platelet rich plasma, electrical stimulation, photobiomodulation, radiofrequency, laser, and shockwave therapies for sexual health problems suffer from significant methodological limitations. The evidence is strongest for low-intensity shockwave treatment of the penis for erectile dysfunction, followed by vaginal CO2 laser treatment for genitourinary syndrome of menopause, but is not sufficiently robust to reach consensus agreement regarding their clinical recommendation at this time. Discussion: Cell- and energy-based regenerative medical treatments have enormous popular appeal, but at present the scientific evidence for their use to treat sexual problems is insufficient to reach a consensus agreement regarding their clinical use. Future studies should not only consider clinical questions of indication, dosage, and efficacy, but also explore the practical bioethics of conducting translational research within the international medical marketplace.

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