Huateng Huang

Museum collections of grasshoppers contain valuable genetic data for evolutionary, ecological, and systematic studies, but destructive sampling and complex molecular techniques often limit their use. This study presents a simple, non-destructive DNA extraction protocol designed for dried grasshopper specimens, effectively balancing DNA yield with morphological preservation. We tested this method on specimens aged 6–43 years, exploring various lysis conditions to optimize DNA recovery while maintaining specimen integrity. The protocol successfully extracted sufficient DNA to assemble mitochondrial genomes for most samples using cost-effective low-coverage shotgun sequencing. DNA from younger specimens produced the best results, while older samples (over 40 years) showed some challenges, though post-collection damage did not significantly affect mitochondrial sequence assembly. Additionally, we provide practical bioinformatics recommendations for processing short reads from dried specimens. Requiring minimal molecular expertise and relying on standard sequencing services, this accessible method is well-suited for widespread adoption. By unlocking genetic insights from museum collections, it offers new opportunities to deepen our understanding of grasshopper evolution and ecological dynamics.

Dark body color is very common among crickets, and this article discusses four species of black field crickets with distinct distributions. There are three species of the genus Melanogryllus Chopard, 1961 and one species of the genus Velarifictorus Randell, 1964. Of them, Melanogryllus chopardi Bey-Bienko, 1968 was discovered in Southwest Xizang, on the border between China and Nepal; Melanogryllus desertus (Pallas, 1771) was primarily found in arid regions of northwestern China; Melanogryllus bilineatus Yang & Yang, 1994 was often collected from the Southeast China coastal region; and the last species, Velarifictorus yuanilandrevus sp. nov., is a new species that was collected in Yunnan, a province in Southwest China. In addition, the new species could be distinguished from the others by its black body coloration and the absence of yellow stripes on the head. Here, we describe these species in detail, with photographs of the genitalia, and provide a distribution map for them and keys for Chinese Melanogryllus species.

The hemispherical head is prevalent in Gryllinae crickets, so the rare crickets that have a unique form of head will be extremely unusual. In previous studies, this special feature can be one of the important features to distinguish and identify these crickets. But does this particular head shape truly reflect a clear-cut taxonomic relationship? The species of the genus Loxoblemmus have a typical truncate head; species of the genus Stephoblemmus have a more exaggerated truncate head, with the frontal end even extending into a lamellar. The genus Mitius is relatively unusual in that species of this genus have both globose or truncate heads. How are these species related? Does the cephalic shape perfectly reflect the natural classification of these species? Based on these questions, the study applied species definition and morphological classification to explore the intergeneric and intrageneric species relationships of the genera Mitius, Stephoblemmus, and Loxoblemmus, and derived the following main conclusions: (1) Mitius and Stephoblemmus are related and distinct from Loxoblemmus; (2) Mitius species bear two types of frons (truncated and rounded), but this feature disallows them to be classified as natural groups; (3) one genus synonym and three species synonyms are raised (Mitius Gorochov, 1985 syn. n., Mitius splendens (Shiraki, 1930) syn. n., Mitius eryuanensis Yuan, Xie & Liu, 2021 syn. n. and Mitius brevipennis Yuan, Ma & Gu, 2022 syn. n.), and seven new status combinations are proposed (Stephoblemmus blennus (Saussure, 1877) comb. n., Stephoblemmus castaneus (Chopard, 1937) comb. n., Stephoblemmus enatus Gorochov, 1994 comb. n., Stephoblemmus flavipes (Chopard, 1928) comb. n., Stephoblemmus minor (Shiraki, 1911) comb. n., Stephoblemmus minutulus (Yang & Yang, 1995) comb. n. and Stephoblemmus vaturu (Otte & Cowper, 2007) comb. n.). The studies indicated that frons shapes that appear to be significantly different might not always reflect the correct Gryllinae species relationships and a combination of more taxonomic features and taxonomic techniques is needed often to reveal the true taxonomic relationships.

Gomphomastacinae is a grasshopper subfamily in Eumastacidae, with a morphology and distribution distinct from other subfamilies. The alpine genera of Gomphomastacinae that inhabit the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau in China show unique characteristics adapted to high‐altitude life. However, their phylogenetic position and biogeographic history remain controversial. Thus, to determine the diversification history of these alpine genera and the origin of the subfamily, we obtained mitochondrial genome sequences from all seven Gomphomastacinae genera distributed in China. The reconstructed phylogeny was well supported and confirmed the phylogenetic position of Gomphomastacinae within Eumastacidae. Time calibration revealed a deep‐time origin of the subfamily dating back to the Cretaceous period, and the diversification among alpine genera was also an ancient pre‐Miocene event (30–50 Ma). Based on phylogeny and time estimates, the most likely biogeographic scenario is that Gomphomastacinae originated from an ancestral lineage that lived in East Gondwana and dispersed to Central and Western Asia through India. Subsequently, the alpine genera likely diverged along with the uplift of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau and survived drastic climate change by in situ adaptation to high‐altitude dwellings.

Tachycines meditationis (Orthoptera: Rhaphidophoridae: Tachycines) is a widely distributed insect in eastern Asia. This species is common in urban environments, and its unique omnivorous diet may contribute to its success in various habitats. However, molecular studies on the species are scarce. Here, we obtained the first transcriptome sequence of T. meditationis and performed preliminary analyses to test whether the evolution of coding sequences fits the expectations based on the species’ ecology. We retrieved 476,495 effective transcripts and annotated 46,593 coding sequences (CDS). We analysed the codon usage and found that directional mutation pressure was the leading cause of codon usage bias in this species. This genome-wide relaxed codon usage pattern in T. meditationis is surprising, given the potentially large population size of this species. Moreover, despite the omnivorous diet, the chemosensory genes of this species do not exhibit codon usage deviating significantly from the genome-level pattern. They also do not seem to experience more gene family expansion than other cave cricket species do. A thorough search for rapidly evolved genes using the dN/dS value showed that genes associated with substance synthesis and metabolic pathways, such as retinol metabolism, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, and fatty acid metabolism, underwent species-specific positive selection. While some results seem to contradict the species ecology, our transcriptome assembly provides a valuable molecular resource for future studies on camel cricket evolution and molecular genetics for feeding ecology in insects, in general.

A new species of Clephydroneura Becker, C. jiangxiensis sp. nov., from Jiangxi, China, is described and illustrated. Previously 14 species have been recorded from other Chinese provinces (i.e., Hainan, Guangxi, and Yunnan). This new species C. jiangxiensis sp. nov can be differentiated from other closely related species by its prolonged and apically expanded epandrium, two short separated black stripes on the thorax and key-shaped phallus. A key to Clephydroneura species known from China is provided. http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:CF2624DB-67FC-469F-8E19-D5C2D7A31B11 http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:42B8F471-E66D-4456-AE0B-A3E419686F7E

The mole cricket Gryllotalpa orientalis is an evolutionarily, medicinal, and agriculturally significant insect that inhabits underground environments and is distributed globally. This study measured genome size by flow cytometry and k-mer based on low-coverage sequencing, and nuclear repetitive elements were also identified. The haploid genome size estimate is 3.14 Gb by flow cytometry, 3.17 Gb, and 3.77 Gb-based two k-mer methods, respectively, which is well within the range previously reported for other species of the suborder Ensifera. 56% of repetitive elements were found in G. orientalis, similar to 56.83% in Locusta migratoria. However, the great size of repetitive sequences could not be annotated to specific repeat element families. For the repetitive elements that were annotated, Class I-LINE retrotransposon elements were the most common families and more abundant than satellite and Class I-LTR. These results based on the newly developed genome survey could be used in the taxonomic study and whole genome sequencing to improve the understanding of the biology of G. orientalis.

After extensive sampling of specimens from species found in China, we examined the intraspecific morphological variation of several characters used for species delimitation in two closely related cricket genera, Gymnogryllus Saussure, 1877 and Phonarellus Gorochov, 1983. We found that the characters (male genitalia in Gymnogryllus odonopetalus Xie & Zheng, 2003 and Phonarellus ritsemae (Saussure, 1877), and coloration of the hind leg in Phonarellus minor (Chopard, 1959)) exhibit considerable amounts of variation within species, and are thus not reliable characters for species differentiation. Therefore, we revised the taxonomy of these two genera. Five synonyms are proposed: G. yunnanensis (= G. odonopetalus) syn. nov., G. striatus (= G. odonopetalus) syn. nov., G. longus (= G. odonopetalus) syn. nov., G. tumidulus (= G. odonopetalus) syn. nov., and P. flavipes (= P. minor) syn. nov. All species mentioned above are described and illustrated. Keys and a distribution map are provided.

Conservation genomic resources over the past decade has drastically improved, since genomes can be used to predict diverse parameters vital to conservation management. Luehdorfia taibai is an endemic butterfly only found in restricted aeras in middle-west China and is critically endangered. It was classfied as a vunerlable (VN) species in the “China species red list.” Here we generated 34.38 Gb of raw DNA sequencing reads and obtained a high-qualified draft genome assembly of L. taibai. The final genome is ~683.3 Mb, with contig N50 size of 10.19 Mb. Further, 98.6% of single-copy orthologous genes have been recovered by BUSCO. An estimated 42.34% of the genome of L. taibai consists of repetitive elements. Combined with gene prediction and transcriptome sequencing, genome annotation produced 15,968 protein-coding genes. Additionally, a nearly 1:1 orthology ratio of syntenic blocks between L. taibai and its closest genome Luehdorfia chinensis suggested that the genome structures have not changed much after speciation. The genome of L. taibai have not undergone a whole genome duplication event. Population dynamics analyses indicates that L. taibai has an extremely low heterozygosity of 0.057%, and its population size has declined dramatically over the past 10 thousand years. Our study describes a draft genome assembly of the L. taibai, the first implication of this species. We consider the globally overexploited of the host plants is not the main reason to threaten L. taibai. The genome will provide advice for the conservation to the economically important Luehdorfia lineage and this specific species.

Here we describe two new species of ground crickets from Yunnan Province, China (Homonemobius brevipennis sp. nov. and Pteronemobius osuviridis sp. nov.). Descriptions, illustrations, and distributions of these new species are provided.