Admir Dedic

Since the beginning of the 1990s it is possible to obtain images of the heart using CT technology to visualise coronary calcifications. The amount of coronary calcification can be quantified with a coronary artery calcium score. Today, there is sufficient scientific evidence that justifies the use of the coronary artery calcium score in selected patients. In asymptomatic patients, the coronary artery calcium score can be used for more precise and tailored risk stratification for the occurrence of future cardiovascular events. The absence of coronary calcification is associated with a good prognosis. In addition, the coronary artery calcium score can also be used as the initial test in symptomatic patients, to dictate treatment strategies going forward.

Aims Non-culprit plaques are responsible for a substantial number of future events in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). In this study, we evaluated the prognostic implications of non-culprit plaques seen on coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) in patients with ACS. Methods and results Coronary CTA was performed in 169 patients (mean 59 ± 11 years, 129 males) admitted with ACS. Data sets were assessed for the presence of obstructive non-culprit plaques (>50% luminal narrowing), segment involvement score, and quantitative measures of plaque burden, after censoring initial culprit plaques. Follow-up was performed for the occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) unrelated to the initial culprit plaque; cardiac death, second ACS, or coronary revascularization after 90 days. After a median follow-up of 4.8 (IQR 2.6–6.6) years, MACE occurred in 36 (24%) patients: 6 cardiac deaths, 16 second ACS, and 14 coronary revascularizations. Dyslipidaemia (hazard ratio [HR] 3.1 [95% confidence interval 1.5–6.6]) and diabetes mellitus (HR 4.8 [2.3–10.3]) were univariable clinical predictors of MACE. Patients with remaining obstructive non-culprit plaques (HR 3.66 [1.52–8.80]) and higher plaque burden index (HR 1.22 [1.01–1.48]) had a more risk of MACE. In multivariate analysis, with diabetes, dyslipidaemia, and plaque burden index, obstructive non-culprit plaques (HR 3.76 [1.28–11.09]) remained an independent predictor of MACE. Conclusion Almost a quarter of the study population experienced a new event arising from a non-culprit plaque during a follow-up of almost 5 years. ACS patients with remaining obstructive non-culprit plaques or high plaque burden have an increased risk of future MACE.

A 25-year-old man with a ventricular septal defect resulting from a stab wound to his chest was admitted to our hospital. Because of extensive comorbidity and favourable location, transcatheter closure with an Amplatzer device was preferred over surgical repair. Ventricular septal defects are an uncommon complication of cardiac trauma, but when they do occur from this cause, they often have more dramatic consequences. Transcatheter closure is an attractive, less-invasive alternative in patients with increased surgical risk, multiple previous surgical interventions, or poorly accessible defects.