Luiz Carlos Chamhum Salomão

EFFECTS OF DAIRY FARM WASTEWATER USE IN CULTIVATION ON FIG TREE (FICUS CARICA L.) JONATHAS BATISTA GONCALVES SILVA¹; MAURO APARECIDO MARTINEZ²; LUIZ CARLOS CHAMHUM SALOMÃO³; PAULO ROBERTO CECON⁴; ANTONIO TEIXEIRA DE MATOS⁵ E LEONARDO DUARTE BATISTA DA SILVA^{6   1}Departamento de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, UFJF, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, s/n,Bairro São Pedro, 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil, jonathas.silva@engenharia.ufjf.br. ²Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, UFV, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brasil, mmauro@ufv.br ³Departamento de Fitotecnia, UFV, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brasil, lsalomao@ufv.br ⁴Departamento de Estatística, UFV, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brasil,cecon@ufv.br. ⁵Departamento de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, UFMG, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Bairro Pampulha,31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil,atmatos@desa.ufmg.br ⁶Departamento de Engenharia, UFRRJ, Rodovia BR 465,km 7, s/n,23890-000, Seropédica, RJ, Brasil, monitoreambiental@gmail.com     1 ABSTRACT   The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of dairy farm wastewater (DFW) use on fig tree growth, production, on fig health standard and on nutrient concentration in fig tree leaves. The study was developed in the Integrated Agroecological System area, in Seropédica (RJ, Brazil) between June 2011 and May 2012. The applied fertilizer formulations were: Formulation 1, 100% of nitrogen dose recommended for fig tree supplied by fertilizing with castor bean cake (CB); Formulation 2, 50% of nitrogen dose supplied by DFW application and 50% of nitrogen dose supplied by CB; Formulation 3, 75% of nitrogen dose supplied by DFW application and 25% of nitrogen dose from CB; Formulation 4, 100% of nitrogen dose supplied by DFW application.Data were submitted to analysis of variance and the averages were compared by Tukey’s test at 10% probability. The results demonstrated that branches length, number of leaves per branch, number of fruits, production and yield were lower in plants submitted to Formulation 4. Contamination of fruits by thermotolerant coliforms or Salmonellasp did not occur after DFW use as fertilizer. The results showed that the use of DFW in fig tree cultivation was sufficient to provide the nutritional needs of plants, as regards macronutrients and Fe. Keywords: fertirrigation, environmental impact, final disposal of effluents and crop nutrition.   SILVA, J.B. G.; MARTINEZ, M. A.; SALOMÃO, L. C. C.; CECON,P. R.; MATOS, A. T.; SILVA, L. D. B. EFEITOS DO USO DE ÁGUA RESIDUÁRIA DE BOVINOCULTURANO CULTIVO DA FIGUEIRA (FICUS CARICA L.)         2 RESUMO   Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar os efeitos do uso da água residuária de bovinocultura de leite (ARB) no crescimento, produção, padrão fitossanitário dos frutos e na concentração de nutrientes nas folhas da figueira. As formulações de adubação aplicadas foram: Adubação 1 - 100% da dose de nitrogênio fornecida pela adubação com torta de mamona (TM); Adubação 2 - 50% da dose de nitrogênio comaplicação de ARB e 50% com TM; Adubação 3 - 75% da dose de nitrogênio com aplicação de ARB e os outros 25% da dose com TM; Adubação 4 - 100% da dose de nitrogênio com aplicação da ARB. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas utilizando-se o Teste de Tukey a 10% de probabilidade. Diante dos resultados verificou-se que comprimento dos ramos, o número de folhas por ramos, o número de frutos, a produção e a produtividade foram menores nas plantas submetidas à Adubação4. Não ocorreu contaminação dos frutos por coliformes termotolerantes e Salmonella sp. Diante dos resultados concluiu-se que o uso de ARB no cultivo da figueira não proporciona deficiência nutricional às plantas no que se refere aos macronutrientes (N, Ca, Mg, K e P). Palavras-chave: fertirrigação, impacto ambiental, disposição final de efluentes, nutrição vegetal.

Avocado: Is it possible to produce two seedlings with one seed? 1 It was evaluated the possibility to produce two seedlings per avocado seed, through the separation of cotyledons. Two seed lots from two different ungrafted trees were evaluated. From the first tree were obtained 60 seeds, and 50 from the second. Half the seeds of each lot had their cotyledons separated and then whole seeds and half-seeds were sown in river sand. At 90 days after sowing, percentage of germinated seeds, shoot height, main root length, fresh and dry mass of shoots, roots and cotyledons were evaluated. From the first lot of seeds, there was 100% germination, both for the whole seeds and for the half-seeds. For all traits evaluated, higher mean values were observed for seedlings formed from whole seeds. In the second lot of seeds, 88% of germination was observed for whole seeds and 82% of germination for half-seeds. In this second lot, there were no significant differences between the seedlings formed from whole seeds and half-seeds for any of the characteristics evaluated, except for fresh and dry mass of cotyledons. Thus, it is possible to produce two seedlings or rootstocks with a single avocado seed, although this may slightly delay the development of the seedlings

Influence of post-harvest ozone application on the Epicarp of 'Pedro Sato' guava fruits under storage conditions / Influência da aplicação de ozônio pós-colheita no Epicarp de frutos de guava 'Pedro Sato' sob condições de armazenamento

The current study aims to evaluate the occurrence and concentration of carotenoids in the pulp and peel of 14 banana and one plantain cultivars in two ripening stages. We analyzed the occurrence and content of lutein, α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, and lycopene - by high performance liquid chromatography with UV-visible detection, the content of total carotenoids by spectrophotometry. In the unripe pulp, the ‘Ouro’ cultivar stood out with lutein concentration 13 times higher than that of the ‘Marmelo’. As for α-carotene and β-carotene, ‘Terrinha’ plantain stood out with mean concentration of 1195.30 and 1126.11 μg (100 g MF^-1), respectively. Total carotenoids ranged from 159.66 to 2553.51 μg (100 g MF^-1) in ‘Caipira’ and ‘Terrinha’, respectively. In the ripe pulp there was 36% increase in the lutein content in comparison to the unripe pulp and there was 7.3 and 8.5% reduction in α-carotene and β-carotene levels, respectively. The total carotenoid concentration in the ripe pulp was 17% higher than that found in the unripe pulp. The unripe peel showed lutein predominance, although ‘Terrinha’ stood out with higher α-carotene and β-carotene concentrations than those found in the other cultivars. Lutein concentration hardly changed due to fruit ripening; however, there was slight reduction in α-carotene and β-carotene concentrations.

The rejuvenation pruning or plant prune is a practice used in fruits species such mango tree, whose plants can exceed ten meters heigh, compromising the implementation of practices such as spraying and harvesting. This study aimed to evaluate the resumption of production of adult ‘Ubá’ mango trees, previously pruned and subjected to fertilization with increasing levels of nitrogen over five seasons. The experiment was conducted in Visconde do Rio Branco, MG. Nineteen years old mango trees were pruned and reduced to the primary branches, about 1.5 m above the ground. Excess shoots were removed, remaining five to six branches per tree. In the year in which the plants were pruned, the nitrogen fertilization was initiated with different doses, divided into three equal fractions, between October of one year and February of the following year. Annually were applied per plant, 160 g of P2O5 in the form of simple superphosphate, 350 g of K2O in the form of potassium chloride, according to the results of the soil analysis, and 0, 175, 350, 525 and 700 g of N in the form of urea. Two years after pruning the plants returned to production, and in the first five crops, we quantified the production in kg per plant and the number of fruits per plant. The production of the mango trees was already stable in the fifth crop or seven years after pruning. The dose of nitrogen resulting in the maximum yield was 238.9 g/plant.

The objective of the study was to elucidate the best combination of ethylene dose and exposure time aiming the degreening of ‘Ponkan’ tangerines. Fruits harvested with fully green peel were placed in airtight boxes, exposed during 24, 48 and 96 h to ethylene gas at concentrations of 0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 µL L-1, at a temperature of 20 ± 1°C and 90 ± 5% of relative humidity. On every 24 h the fruits were evaluated for color, Hue angle, total chlorophyll and carotenoids in the peel, solutes leakage, soluble solids, titrable acidity, CO2 production and fresh fruit weight loss. The degreening was more pronounced in fruits exposed to ethylene for 96 h, independently the concentration. The electrolytes leakage peel increased linearly in fruit-control and those exposed to ethylene for 24 h. In fruits treated for 48 and 96 h, electrolyte leakage was observed only during ethylene exposure. The accumulated fresh mass loss did not exceeded 1% in the fruits. The ethylene dose did not affected the fruit respiratory behavior. The best combination aiming fruit degreening was the exposure during 96 h with 5 μL L-1 of ethylene, followed by 48 to 72 hours of storage after treatment.

There are little information in the scientific literature on flowering and fruiting of ‘Ubá’ mango trees. These information enables to know the proportion of hermaphrodite flowers in inflorescence, fruit set percentage and developmental stages of the fruit. In this study evaluations on inflorescence and fruit development of the ‘Ubá’ mango tree (Mangifera indica L.) were carried out, as well as the determination of the required number of heat units for full fruit development. Thirty branches whose terminal buds were swollen were selected from five mango trees. With the aid of a camera and a caliper, the panicle and fruit development were evaluated weekly until full fruit development. A digital thermometer was used to record ambient temperatures during fruit development in order to estimate the number of heat units required for complete development of the fruits. Male and hermaphrodite flowers of the panicles were also identified and counted. The developmental cycle of ‘Ubá’ mango from the beginning of apical bud swelling to commercial harvest of the fruit lasted 168 days in 2011 and 154 days in 2012. The number of hermaphrodite flowers and the percentage of fruit set in the inflorescence in 2011 were 32.3 and 0.066%, respectively; and 122.1 and 0.099% in 2012, respectively. There was accumulation of 3,173 heat units from flower bud swelling to full development of the ‘Ubá’ mangoes.

Objetivou-se estudar a dissimilaridade genética entre 15 cultivares de bananeira por análise multivariada e determinar a importância relativa das 35 características avaliadas neste estudo. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância multivariada. Para a aplicação do método de agrupamento de Otimização de Tocher, foi utilizada a distância generalizada de Mahalanobis. O método hierárquico UPGMA e a análise de variáveis canônicas também foram utilizados. Para a identificação dos caracteres mais importantes para a dissimilaridade, utilizou-se o método Singh. Verificou-se maior dissimilaridade média para a cultivar Terrinha seguida das cultivares Marmelo e Mysore. A menor medida de dissimilaridade foi encontrada entre as cultivares Nanicão e Prata-Graúda. As características teor de vitamina A, percentual de amido, açúcares solúveis totais, açúcares não redutores, potencial antioxidante, matéria fresca de polpa, altura da planta e massa fresca do fruto são as mais importantes na estimação da dissimilaridade, logo devem ser priorizados em estudos futuros. As cultivares Terrinha e Mysore são as mais dissimilares. Já as cultivares Nanicão e Prata-Graúda apresentam menos diferenças entre si.

The occurrence of water stress in mango trees grown in orchards located in semi-arid climates in Brazil is frequent. Water stress caused to plants may predispose them to the incidence of fungal diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of water deficit on the incidence and severity of Ceratocystis wilt in mango trees considered resistant. Seedlings of ‘Ubá’ and ‘Dura’ were kept in pots and submitted to different water stress levels and inoculated with Ceratocystis fimbriata isolate (CEBS15). Mortality was low in ‘Ubá’ plants and high in ‘Dura’ plants. ‘Ubá’ plants showed lower severity and lesion length. In ‘Ubá’ plants, water deficit influenced the increase in lesion length. ‘Dura’ plants showed greater severity and lesion length, which were not affected by increasing water stress. It was concluded that ‘Ubá’ variety is resistant to fungus Ceratocystis fimbriata, even in severe drought conditions, while ‘Dura’ variety was not resistant to CEBS15 isolate, even under optimum irrigation conditions.

The 'Ubá' mango tree cultivar is very important for the juice industry in the "Zona da Mata" region of the Minas Gerais State, in Brazil, but problems such as uneven flowering and low yield have discouraged producers. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of paclobutrazol, combined with branch tip pruning, on the flowering induction and quality of 'Ubá' mango tree fruits. Treatments were distributed in a 5 x 2 + 1 factorial arrangement, consisting of five paclobutrazol doses (0 g, 0.50 g, 1.00 g, 1.50 g and 2.0 g per linear meter of canopy), with and without branch tip pruning, in a randomized blocks design, with four replicates. The flowering percentage, number of panicles per branch, total flowers per panicle, male/hermaphrodite flowers ratio, number of fruits per branch and fruit quality were evaluated. Plants treated with tip pruning showed a higher flowering percentage. There was an increase in the flowering percentage in response to the paclobutrazol dose, reaching a maximum level at the dose of 1.62 g per linear meter of canopy. Plants submitted to branch tip pruning had a higher number of panicles per branch. There was an increase in the male/hermaphrodite flowers ratio with increasing paclobutrazol doses. Branch tip pruning increased the number of fruits per branch. There were no differences in fruit quality in response to the paclobutrazol application. It was concluded that the paclobutrazol application at the dose of 1.62 g per linear meter of canopy, combined with branch tip pruning, increases the flowering of the 'Ubá' mango tree and does not change the fruit quality.