Susan Hanson

Feminists have long known that gender and mobility are inseparable, influencing each other in profound and often subtle ways. Tackling complex societal problems, such as sustainability, will require improved understandings of the relationships between gender and mobility. In this essay I propose new approaches to the study of mobility and gender that will provide the knowledge base needed to inform policies on sustainable mobility. Early in the essay I survey the large literature on gender and mobility, teasing out what I see as two disparate strands of thinking that have remained badly disconnected from each other. One of these strands has informed understandings of how mobility shapes gender, while the other has examined how gender shapes mobility. Work on how mobility shapes gender has emphasized gender, to the neglect of mobility, whereas research on how gender shapes mobility has dealt with mobility in great detail and paid much less attention to gender. From this overview of the literature, I identify knowledge gaps that must be bridged if feminist research on gender and mobility is to assist in charting paths to sustainable mobility. I argue for the need to shift the research agenda so that future research will synthesize these two strands of thinking along three lines: (1) across ways of thinking about gender and mobility, (2) across quantitative and qualitative approaches, and (3) across places. In the final part of the essay I suggest how to achieve this synthesis by making geographic, social and cultural context central to our analyses.

In this article, I focus on entrepreneurship as a gendered geographic process to examine how changes in people and place are linked. Although entrepreneurship is a process that is marked by deep stereotypical gender divisions, it is also one through which people can change the meaning of gender and the way in which gender is lived. In addition, entrepreneurship links people and place in a number of ways, most notably through networks of social relations in place. I discuss four geographic studies of women's entrepreneurship, each undertaken in a different country—Botswana, India, Peru, and the United States. These studies demonstrate that whereas entrepreneurship per se or access to microcredit alone is seldom sufficient to change the position of women or gender relations in a place, women are using entrepreneurship to change their lives and those of others and, in the process, are changing the places where they live. Key to this transformative process are programs of governmental and nongovernmental organizations and women's grassroots actions that are aimed at building women's skills, confidence, and business networks.

Hanson S. and Blake M. Gender and entrepreneurial networks, Regional Studies. In a recent critical survey in 2003, Peter Nijkamp argued for the importance of networks and networking for successful entrepreneurship and emphasized the strategic advantage that dense urban areas afford to networks. Nijkamp's arguments are extended herein by investigating the impact of an entrepreneur's identity on network formation, use and opportunity. Focus is made specifically on gender to emphasize the ways networks are embedded in place-based social, economic, cultural, and political structures, which shape entrepreneurs' identities and affect access to resources. The review reveals, first, how little is known about gender and entrepreneurial networks in general and especially about the gendered geography of such networks; and, second, the importance of investigating the impacts of social identity on entrepreneurs' networks if the relationships between entrepreneurship and place are to be understood. Hanson S. et Blake M. Les réseaux de sexe et d'entreprise, Regional Studies. Dans une enquête critique récente en 2003, Peter Nijkamp discute de l'importance des réseaux et de la construction de réseaux pour créer un esprit d'entreprise, et a souligné l'avantage stratégique que les agglomérations urbaines offrent aux réseaux. On cherche à élargir les arguments de Nijkamp en examinant l'impact de l'identité d'un entrepreneur sur la construction, l'utilisation et la présence des réseaux. On se concentre notamment sur la notion de sexe afin de souligner les façons dont les réseaux sont ancrés dans des structures sociales, économiques, culturelles et politiques spécifiques à un endroit, et qui influent sur les identités des entrepreneurs et l'accès aux ressources. La critique laisse voir, primo, que l'on sait très peu en général quant aux réseaux de sexe et d'entreprise et en particulier au sujet de la géographie du sexe de tels réseaux et, secundo, l'importance d'examiner l'impact de l'identité sociale sur les réseaux d'entrepreneurs pour faciliter une meilleure compréhension du rapport entre l'esprit d'entreprise et l'endroit. Sexe Esprit d'entreprise Endroit Réseaux Hanson S. und Blake M. Geschlecht und unternehmerische Netzwerke, Regional Studies. In einer aktuellen kritischen Studie argumentierte Peter Nijkamp (2003) Nijkamp, P. 2003. Entrepreneurship in a modern network economy. Regional Studies, 37: 395–405. [Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] [Google Scholar] für die Bedeutung von Netzwerken und Netzwerkarbeit für erfolgreiches Unternehmertum und betonte den strategischen Vorteil, den dichte urbane Gebiete für Netzwerke bieten. Wir erweitern Nijkamps Argumente, indem wir die Auswirkung der Identität eines Unternehmers auf die Bildung, Nutzung und Chancen eines Netzwerks untersuchen. Insbesondere konzentrieren wir uns hierbei auf das Geschlecht, um zu betonen, auf welche Weisen die Netzwerke in ortsgebundene gesellschaftliche, wirtschaftliche, kulturelle und politische Strukturen eingebettet sind, die die Identitäten der Unternehmer prägen und sich auf den Zugang zu Ressourcen auswirken. Aus unserer Überprüfung geht hervor, dass erstens wenig über das Geschlecht im Zusammenhang mit unternehmerischen Netzwerken im Allgemeinen und insbesondere über die geschlechtsbezogene Geografie solcher Netzwerke bekannt ist, und dass zweitens eine Untersuchung der Auswirkungen der sozialen Identität auf die Netzwerke der Unternehmer wichtig ist, wenn wir die Beziehungen zwischen Unternehmertum und Ort verstehen wollen. Geschlecht Unternehmertum Ort Netzwerke Hanson S. y Blake M. Género y redes empresariales, Regional Studies. En un reciente estudio crítico, Peter Nijkamp (2003) Nijkamp, P. 2003. Entrepreneurship in a modern network economy. Regional Studies, 37: 395–405. [Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] [Google Scholar] subrayó la importancia de las redes y la creación de redes para el éxito empresarial y destacó la ventaja estratégica que las áreas urbanas densas ofrecen a las redes. Aquí ampliamos los argumentos de Nijkamp al analizar el efecto de la identidad de un empresario en la formación, el uso y la oportunidad de una red. Prestamos especial atención a los diferentes sexos para recalcar el modo en que las redes están arraigadas en estructuras sociales, económicas, culturales y políticas con un determinado espacio que conforman las identidades de los empresarios y afectan al acceso a los recursos. En nuestro análisis destacamos primero lo poco que se conoce sobre los géneros y las redes empresariales y especialmente sobre la geografía de géneros de tales redes; y segundo, la importancia de estudiar los efectos de la identidad social en las redes de empresarios si queremos entender las relaciones entre el empresariado y su espacio. Género Empresariado Lugar Redes

In the normative view of academic life, service is presented as an unfortunate inconvenience, a dull distraction from the real work of the academy, which is taken to be teaching and research. Service is also presented to the novice academic as an activity that is completely unconnected with the real work of teaching and research. Jan Monk has made service central to her academic career. A brief overview of her service activities shows how closely intertwined they have been with her scholarship and teaching. Moreover, I believe that Jan's service work demonstrates not only how service is central to a vibrant, meaningful, and rich academic life; it is also an essential vehicle for creating change within, as well as outside of, the academy.

A class of questions in the human environment sciences focuses on the relationship between individual or household behavior and local geographic context. Central to these questions is the nature of people's geographic mobility as well as the duration of their locational stability at varying spatial and temporal scales. The problem for researchers is that the processes of mobility/stability are temporally and spatially dynamic and therefore difficult to measure. Whereas time and space are continuous, analysts must select levels of aggregation for both length of time in place and spatial scale of place that fit with the problem in question. Previous work has emphasized mobility and suppressed stability as an analytic category. I focus here on stability and show how analyzing individuals' stability requires also analyzing their mobility. Through an empirical example centered on the relationship between entrepreneurship and place, I demonstrate how a spotlight on stability illuminates a resolution to the measurement problem by highlighting the interdependence between the time and space dimensions of stability/mobility.

Local authorities in South Africa have responded to the post-apartheid promise of redistribution and democratisation by adopting market principles in the delivery of essential services. This article examines a five-year period (1997-2001) of intense local government restructuring in Cape Town, using water distribution as a case study. The focus is upon two cost-recovery policies, underinvestment in infrastructure and water cutoffs, which have been central to a five-year commercialisation process in the water sector. The impact of cost-recovery policies on low-income communities living in the townships is examined in light of the South African government's twin goals of achieving distributional and procedural equity in service delivery. The findings reveal that historical inequities produced through territorial variation in service delivery under apartheid are being recreated through contemporary 'basic needs' approaches and that historically entrenched service debts are leading to widespread water cutoffs (160 000 in 3 years). Both of these cost-recovery policies create local government inefficiencies in the management of water distribution as a public good.

The literatures on economic globalization and feminist understandings of global processes have largely remained separate. In this article, our goal is to bring them into productive conversation so that research on globalization can benefit from feminist engagements with globalization. In the first section, which focuses on the conceptual challenges of bringing the economic globalization literature into conversation with feminist analysis, we identify several key exclusions in that literature and propose parallel inclusions that a feminist reading of globalization suggests. Our suggested inclusions relate to the spaces, scales, subjects, and forms of work that research on economic globalization has largely neglected. The second section takes up several key themes in the large body of feminist research on global economic processes, which is also largely absent from the economic globalization literature: the gendering of work, gender and structural adjustment programs, and mobility and diaspora. In the final section, we address the implications of feminist epistemologies and methodologies for research on economic globalization. Here we argue for grounded, collaborative studies that incorporate perspectives of the south as well as the north and that construct understandings of place and the local, as well as space and general global processes; we point to the coconstitution of different geographic scales and highlight the need for studies that cut across them. The article demonstrates how a feminist analysis of globalization entails far more than recognizing the importance of gender; it requires substantial rethinking of how to conceptualize, study, and act in relation to economic globalization.